Franconofurd or Francorum vadus is the name of the settlement on the Cathedral Hill in the first documentary mentions 794 in Old Franconian and Latin. Both mean the franc's birth and refer to a rock barrier in the underground of the river Main, which allowed the river - which was then much wider than it is today - to cross safely at normal water levels, probably slightly above the current old bridge. In the Roman period, Furt had probably not yet had any strategic significance, as the Roman roads leading from Mogontiacum to Limes and the interior of Germany, such as the Elisabeth Street, bypassed the hill and the swampy cortex.

After the Roman withdrawal around 260 the hill was taken over by the Alamannas. At about 530, the francs replaced the Alamannas in the reign of the sub-region. Probably the new rulers now used the term "Furt" as an important route, which their trading partners used as the name of Frankfurt.

The discovery of Frankfurt by Karl den Großen, watercolor of Leopold Bode (1888; Historical Museum Frankfurt)

In 1014-1017 the Chronist Thietmar von Merseburg wrote a legend known to this day from the foundation of the city by Karl the Great. He brings them in connection with the Wars of Saxony:

In fact, Karl the Great never waged war against Saxony in the Mainviertel region. The history of the creation of the name of Sachsenhausen, as a presumed location of seized Saxons by the victorious emperor, is also a legend. It is probably due to a fabulous mixture with the historical fact that shortly after his departure in 794, he moved into the field against insurgent Saxons in northern Germany.

Another founding myth of Frankfurt was until the 18th century. In the 19th century, the population was still popular, for example in Zedler's Universal-Lexicon. Today it is little known: Helenos, a son of Priamos, is said to have settled in the ruined Troja on the Main after his escape and founded a city called Helenopolis. Frankfurt thus had the same mythical origin as Rome, whose legendary founders, Romulus and Remus were the descendants of escaped Trojans. Around the year 130 A.D., a certain Francus, a duke of the Hogier, is said to have restored the old city of Helenopolis and named him as Franckenfurt. Other authors attributed the name Helenopolis to Empress Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great. The oldest known mention of the Helenopolis myth is from the humanist Johannes Trithemius of the 15th century. It was the first time that the Century passed, and other humanists followed much later. Helenopolis was founded until the 18th century. In the 19th century, it was often used as a synonym for Frankfurt, for example as a printing place in books, in numerical form and as a reference for students.

The original name Franconofurd developed in the Middle Ages to Frankenfort or Frankinfort, in the modern era to Franckfort and Franckfurth. No later than the beginning of the 19th In the 19th century, Frankfurt's spelling has consolidated. The name addition on the Main can be found in the oldest documents since the 14th century. 19th century. The official name is almost always shortened to Frankfurt as long as there is no likelihood of confusion, especially with Frankfurt (Oder). Also names such as Frankfurt/Main or Frankfurt a. M. are common, Frankfurt (Main) is common in rail transport. The abbreviations Ffm or FFM are in use, as well as the IATA airport code FRA or the vehicle registration plate F.

geographical location

Frankfurt and neighboring municipalities

The city is located on both sides of the Lower Meuse southeast of the Taunus in south-west Germany centrally in the most important economic area of Germany. About one third of the city's territory is classified as a nature reserve in the "Grüngürtel" district in Frankfurt. This includes Frankfurt Stadtwald, one of Germany's largest city forests. The city area stretches over 23.4 kilometers in east-west direction and 23.3 kilometers in north-south direction.

The city has its highest natural point at Berger Wait on the back of Berger in the district of Seckbach at 212.6 meters above sea level. Its lowest point is at the bank of the river Main in Sindlingen at 88 meters above sea level. The city is located at the northernmost edge of the Upper Rhine lowlands, which stretches from Basel to the Rhine-Main area.

The main area and the geographical center of today's urban area are located in the district of Bockenheim near the Westbahnhof (Western Railway Station), i.e. outside the historical center of the city. This is due to the communal areas towards the west, which is why the unconsigned Offenbach is closer to the city center than many parts of Frankfurt.

neighboring municipalities and districts

Frankfurt borders to the west the Main-Taunus-Kreis (towns and municipalities Hattersheim am Main, Kriftel, Hofheim am Taunus, Kelkheim (Taunus), Liederbach am Taunus, Sulzbach (Taunus), Schwalbach am Taunus and Eschborn), to the north-west the Hochtaunuskreis (cities Steinbach (Taunus), Oberbach, sel (Taunus) and Bad Homburg before the altitude), in the north to the Wetteraukreis (cities Karben and Bad Vilbel), in the north-east to the Main-Kinzig-Kreis (municipality Niederdorfelden and Stadt Maintal), in the south-east to the town Offenbach am Main, in the south to the Landkreis Offenbach (city Neu-Isenburg) and in the south-west to the Kreis Groß-Gerau (cities) Mörfelden-Walldorf, Rüsselsheim am Main, Raunheim and Kelsterbach).

geology

The city of Frankfurt is mostly part of the western submainland, in the east the Hanau-Seligenstadt valley, and in the far north the weather already. Geologically, the four river terraces of Main and Nidda that have been built since the younger Pliocene and the Pleistocene can be seen in the urban area. The highest terrace is made up of Taunus rocks and is only found in the area of the Berger Back. On the upper terrace from 170 to 120 meters are the northern and northeast districts, which descend north-west to Nidda and south to the Bornheimer slope and the Röderberg mountain, and the south of Sachsenhausen with the Mühlberg and Sachsenhäuser Berg. The central terrace is situated between 100 and 115 meters above sea level. It can be seen in the city area, for example in the Kelsterbacher Terrace and in the steep slope of the old town of Hoechst. The lowest terrace between 95 and 90 meters was built in the Holocene. She will accompany the Main on both sides. On it lie the Cathedral Hill, the historical nucleus of the city, and the Carmelite Hill. In some parts of the city, such as Bockenheim (Basaltstraße) and the Stadtwald (Stadtwald) on the Schwarzsteinkautweg (Schwarzsteinkautweg), layers of Vogelsberg-Basalt from the Miocene can be found in the underground.

climate

The oldest temperature measurements date back to December 1695 and are given in the chronicle of the Achilles Augustus of Lersner. Since 1826 there have been continuous series of exhibitions, albeit for different stations. Several stations of the German Meteorological Service (DWD) currently exist in Frankfurt, including those at the airport, whose series of exhibitions date back to 1949.

Frankfurt and the Rhine-Main area are located at the northern end of the Upper Rhine lowlands, which is one of the warmest regions in Germany in terms of climate. The average annual temperature is 10,6 °C (long-standing mean for the reference station airport in the reference period 1981-2010) above that of other German metropolises (Cologne 10,3 °C, Berlin 9,5 °C, Hamburg 9,4 °C, Munich 8,6 °C).

The climate in Frankfurt is therefore generally mild, with comparatively little rain. In the period from November to January, the average day is only one to two hours of sunshine. In winter, the average maximum daily temperature in January is about 4.2 °C, and the average night temperature is -1.1 °C. snow is on average about seven days in January; the snow level is rarely more than ten centimeters and the snow usually does not last long. Only in Taunus, north-west of the city, there is more snow in winter.

the summer is warm at maximum temperatures of 25 °C; on average 52 days, 25 °C to 30 °C and on average 13 days, more than 30 °C. It is easy to do this with occasional showers or thunderstorms, but this is also the sunniest time with daily 7 to 8 hours. It can get quite hot in the summer, especially in the city center.

The warmest months are June to August with an average temperature of 17.8 to 20.0 °C and the coldest December to February with an average temperature of 1.6 to 2.5 °C. The extreme values are -24.2 °C in January 1850 and -23.8 °C in January 1940, +39.6 °C in August 2015 and +40.2 °C in July 2019.

The prevailing wind direction is West. Most rainfall in July is 65 mm on average, the lowest in February is 41 mm on average between 1981 and 2010.

In the city center the average temperature is about 0.6°C higher than at the airport due to the microclimate, while the rainfall in the Lee des Taunus is lower than in the surrounding area.

Bio-climate and air quality

The air pollution control plan for Frankfurt prepared by the Land of Hessen dates from 2005 and is currently in force in the first update of 2011. According to the bioclima map of the German Meteorological Service, Frankfurt is in a compressed room. From an air hygiene point of view, the most characteristic are often low wind speeds and, in connection with this, the frequency of periods with unfavorable air exchange. A key part of the air pollution control plan was the establishment of a large part of the urban environment area by 1 January 2012. By 2018, the air pollution control plan could not reduce the emissions from nitrogen oxides, in particular nitrogen dioxide, below the 39 limit values in force since 2010. BImSchV. "The main issuer in Frankfurt am Main is car traffic, followed by shares from air traffic, industry and building heating. The predominant exceedances are mainly caused by road transport. On busy roads, diesel-powered passenger cars are the main contributors up to 80%." The limit for nitrogen dioxide can therefore often not be met at busy locations in Frankfurt. The Wiesbaden Administrative Court therefore ruled on 5 September 2018 that "the air pollution control plan submitted by the Land of Hessen for Frankfurt must include a driving ban for diesel vehicles of the Euro 4 and above standard, as well as for gasoline of the Euro 1 and 2 standard from February 2019. MEPs call on the Commission and the Member States to ensure that all Member States have the necessary means to ensure that they are able to comply with the rules and regulations. The diesel ban would affect around 200,000 vehicles in the Frankfurt conurbation. The city and the state could obtain an appeal before the Hessian Administrative Court in Kassel against the driving ban ruling and provisionally prevent a diesel driving ban.

districts, districts and local districts

Frankfurt district

The city is divided statistically and administratively into 46 districts, which are numbered up to 47 (the number 23 is omitted, but for technical reasons also assigned to the Praunheim district). These are made up of 124 districts, 448 districts and 6,130 blocks.

Politically, the city is divided into 16 neighborhoods, each with a local council and a local councilor. The villages that were settled in the 1970s still form their own local districts.

Sachsenhausen is the largest city by area and population; follow according to population number Nordend and Bockenheim. In the statistical yearbook, the few inhabitants of the Frankfurt Airport district are classified as Sachsenhausen-Süd. The smallest part of the town is the old town.

transfer

Municipalities of Frankfurt am Main

Until 1866, the city area of Frankfurt/Main consisted of the district with the present districts of the Old Town, the inner city, the train station district, Gutleutviertel, Gallus, Westend, Nordend, Ostend, Riederwald and Sachsenhausen, including the Frankfurt City Forest, as well as the district of Born with its eight villages nheim, Hausen, Niederursel (half with the Grand Duchy of Hessen), Bonames, Nieder-Erlenbach, Dortelda, Oberrad and Niederrad. After the annexation of the Free City of Frankfurt by Prussia, its former territory formed the district of Frankfurt am Main.

From 1877 onwards, the municipalities of the Stadtkreis (Stadtkreis) and in 1910 the Landkreis Frankfurt (Landkreis) formed in 1885 were gradually incorporated into the city of Frankfurt. The last communal activity took place in 1977. Of the former Frankfurt villages, only Dortelda is no longer part of the city.

In today's Frankfurt city area there are also some deserts, former settlements or villages that have been abandoned over time.

See also

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Panorama view of the Main Tower (2005). The viewpoints are east (left), south (center) and west (right).

aerial view of Frankfurt am Main during the flight (2013)

Old town and city center

Goethedenkmal on Goetheplatz

The Golden Balance house in the Old Town was rebuilt during the Dom-Römer project from 2014 to 2018.

Like other major German cities, Frankfurt's image of the city changed radically after World War II. This was due to the bomb damage caused by the air strikes on Frankfurt am Main and the subsequent reconstruction, which often ignores the old city's outline, thanks to a motorway network and a rather suburban old town building in the style of the 1950s and 1960s.

There was little left of one of Germany's once largest contiguous old cities, which had never been ravaged by wars or large fires since the High Middle Ages. Of about 3000 half-timbered houses, only two survived largely unharmed, the Wertheim at the driver's gate and the Mainkai 40, which, like most of Frankfurt's half-timbered houses, used to display no work of sight, but rather plastered. But already since the middle of the 19th century. During the 19th century until the First World War, road breakthroughs were created (Braubachstraße) and entire quarters were demolished (Judengasse). In the center of the historic old town lies the Römerberg mountain, one of the most famous city squares in Germany. The buildings that clean the place are reconstructions or new constructions of the 1950s and 1980s.

The boundaries of the Frankfurt Old Town district correspond to the course of the old city wall of the 12th century. century, the so-called dam wall. This is similar to the Neue Mainzer Strasse-Kaiserstraße-Roßmarkt-Zeil-Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse. In the old town there are also the Frankfurt Imperial Cathedral and the Paulskirche, which is known as the meeting place of the German National Assembly in 1848. A graphic artist who created the old Frankfurt of the 17th century. Matthew Merian was faithful to the detail of the city. For the exact photographic documentary of Frankfurt was published in the 19th century. 16th century Carl Friedrich Mylius very significant.

The present city center, from 1333 as a new town, expanded part of the old town, experienced in the early 19th century. 19th century. The Baroque fortification with its large bastions, built in the 17th century. In the 19th century, the old and the new city were carved and the wallways were created as a circular park around the old town. The swampy fishing ground was dried and uniformly cultivated. Georg Hess, a city planner, drafted a statute that regulates what the new buildings should look like. He demanded that the builders adhere to the style of classicism. The new building of the Hospital zum Hl. in 1835, the new building of the Hospital zum Hl, was built in this city quarter, which was also largely destroyed. The spirit and the Old Town Library, which was built between 1820 and 1825 and partially destroyed in 1944, was rebuilt in 2005 as a "literary house". In 1827, the Wallservitut established that the wallets converted into walking paths should not be built. This provision still applies today, even though the city has allowed certain exceptions (Old Opera, Schauspielhaus, the Hilton Hotel originally built as a city bath center).

end of 19. In the 19th century, the main guard became the center of the city. The line became the main shopping street. The Baroque Catharine Church, now the largest Protestant church in Frankfurt, was built at the entrance to the Zeil in 1678-1681 and is closely connected to the Goethe family.

Repeated radical changes in the structure characterize the city center of Frankfurt and return previously inaccessible areas of public use - especially mercantile use. In February 2009, the MyZeil shopping center was opened on the former premises of the main post office in Frankfurt am Main and Telekom between Eschenheimer Tor and Zeil, flanked by two high-rise buildings with office and hotel use, and the one built between 1737 and 1741, which was of historic importance and 19 44 Palais Thurn and taxis were destroyed in a slightly smaller form and reconstructed in a true way. The project called the Palaisquartier was demolished, among other things, by the Telecommunications House, one of the first high-rise buildings in Frankfurt dating back to 1956. The building complex was completed in mid-2010. The Rundschau building of the Frankfurter Rundschau, built in 1953, was demolished on the plot just north to make way for residential and commercial buildings. Also the former Degussa site between Mainkai, Neuer Mainzer and Weisfrauenstraße was completely redesigned in 2010-2018. In 2018, the former Deutsche Bank premises on the Roßmarkt were rebuilt with a new residential area occupied by four tower blocks. Here too, the Deutsche Bank-Hochhaus is a first-generation Frankfurt skyscraper. The Four Frankfurt project is due to be completed in 2023.

In 2010, another major change was the demolition of the Technical Town Hall in the Old Town Center between Dom and Römerberg. From 2014 to 2018, the historic ground plan with the market and the market for chickens was rebuilt in this area over 70 years after its destruction. Among the 35 new buildings, 15 are reconstructions of former old town houses called creative replicas, including urban buildings such as the Golden Balance House, the New Red House, the Golden Lemchen, a part of the vineyard and the Esslinger House. The archeological garden with the excavations of a Roman settlement and the king's falcon was built with the town house on the market to protect and keep the oldest traces of Frankfurt permanently accessible from the weather.

Reconstructed houses on the eastern side of the Roman hill in the old town

Nextower and Eschenheimer Tower in downtown

city center with banking district and main guard

classicist and greenfield districts

Since about 1830 the quarters Westend, Nordend and Ostend have been built outside the Wallanlagen. After the construction of the main railway station, in the 1890s the railway station district was built on the grounds of the three Western railway stations previously adjacent to the plant ring.

The first three neighborhoods and the Sachsenhausen area south of the Main grew particularly strongly after the annexation by Prussia. Today, only one percent of the population lives within the former city walls. Until 1866 the construction was rather unplanned with the construction of the so-called "Gardener's Area" outside the wallways, which can still be seen today at the "crumbs" of the streets and occasionally preserved garden houses of the Classicist era. After this area appeared to be exhausted by constant compaction, the construction along the broad, all-terrain roads developed towards the suburbs. The Eschersheimer Landstraße, the Eckenheimer Landstraße, the Friedberger Landstraße and the Bockenheimer Landstraße. In the Prussian period, a chessboard-like street grid was developed on the drawing board, which was broken up in time by polygonal spaces in favor of special eye relations, for example, to church buildings. The beginning of the 20th This extension of the city was built in the 19th century under the mayor Franz Adickes. It follows the course of the old Frankfurt armed forces in many areas.

The building was usually built in the style of a closed block with four to five floors - and the existing villas of Classicism were largely demolished and the large garden plots parceled. The villas of the Rothschild family, Bethmann (all destroyed in the Second World War), were exempt from this rule in the 18th century. Wooden house castles were built in the 19th century instead of a watercastle, whose parks now offer the residents of the surrounding neighborhoods welcome recreation opportunities. A local particularity was still dominated by late classicism in many places until 1880, and even the subsequent architecture, built more in the "Wilhelminian" taste, never developed the representative splendor of the more commercial-thinking city of Wiesbaden, Leipzig or Berlin.

The bornheim and Bockenheim districts, which were founded in 1877 and 1895, were integrated into the city, expanded and connected to the Frankfurt tram, as well as Heddernheim, Eckenheim and Eschersheim, but were still able to retain their own character as secondary centers.

The West-East difference was typical of the times in quality and ambition of the construction. While the newly built railway station district was considered the most noble business district around 1900 and the Westend was the most noble, grand bourgeois residential area, the Nordend, Bornheim and Ostend were the districts of the middle bourgeoisie. The Ostend, which, like the Fisherfeld, traditionally had a high Jewish population, was a special position, and many of the Jewish community's facilities were concentrated, such as the hospital and the orphanage on the Röderberg. The large Orthodox synagogue at the Friedberg complex (destroyed in 1938), built in 1905 to 1907, was regarded as the landmark of the district, like the large market hall built in the 1920s. The working class concentrated near the major factories around the main railway station in the Gutleut and Gallusviertel district, as well as the Riederwald district, which was built as part of the eastern port planning. This changed profoundly as a result of Nazi rule and the bombing of the Second World War. The former residents of the West end moved to the suburbs of Taunus, and the largely destroyed Easter hardly recovered for decades. A new civic awareness emerged during the 1960's and 1970's housing struggle, when numerous greenfield buildings were demolished, converted, or replaced by office buildings for the creation of office space in the Bahnhofsviertel and Westend. Northrend and Bornheim developed into centers of the emerging green movement. As a result of the gentrification, these "scenic areas" have become a focus of real estate investors and developers, just as the Ostend has become a new European Central Bank. The European quarter, which is located at the former freight station site, and the Skyline Plaza shopping center on the outskirts of the Gallusviertel, provides a good opportunity to see developments in this former working district.

In addition to the pilgrimages, the town was built from the 19th century. In the North End-East district, for example, the Bethmannpark with its Chinese garden of Tiananmen peace is located. The Holzhausenpark and the Günthersburgpark are located in the north end. Further west in the Westend-Nord district lies the Grüneburgpark, which includes a Greek Orthodox church and a Korean garden. The Palmengarten is an internationally renowned Botanical Garden, which has been in existence since 1871 and cultivates some 2500 plant species and houses attractions such as the Papageno Music Theater or the Palmen-Express railway. Just next to it is the former botanical garden of the university, which moved from the botanical institute to the Riedberg to the palm garden. These three adjoining parks form the largest green park in Frankfurt, close to the city center. In 1907, the Ostend park was the first public park in Frankfurt and became a place of recreation for the residents, such as the "Ostend". B. the worker of adjacent industrial areas.

The Green-Current Imperial Road
in the station district

Beethovenstraße in Westend

Highway at intersection
with Berger Strasse in Northrend

Klappergasse in the Ebbelwoi quarter in Alt-Sachsenhausen

Classic modernity: The New Frankfurt

In 1925, the Neue Frankfurt was launched as a comprehensive urban development program. In 1925, Mayor Ludwig Landmann appointed the architect Ernst May as the city council, who then led all the activities and surrounded himself with a staff of young architects, technicians, artists and designers to anchor the project in the city. Town planning was the integration of the towns and villages and enriched the city with infrastructure projects and parks. In addition, pioneering technologies for construction and industrial design have been tested and used. Well-known buildings include the large market hall and the Palmengarten’s social house and settlements such as Praunheim, Roman town and Westhausen in the north, the Bornheimer Hang settlement in the east, the Hellerhreis settlement and the home settlement in the south. Excellent design services include Frankfurt cuisine and the Futura font.

Westhausen settlement, one of the settlements of New Frankfurt (1925-1930)

large market hall with remaining annex buildings prior to ECB use, May 2007

Settlement Bruchfeldstraße ("Zickzackhausen") in Niederrad

Hoechst and the outer districts

At the beginning of the 20th In the 19th century, several steps were taken to the districts north of the city center. Some of these districts had belonged to the Free City of Frankfurt until 1866, while others had never been connected to Frankfurt before. In 1914 Frankfurt was one of the largest cities in Germany.

In 1928, the town grew further through the municipalities. The city of Hoechst am Main enriched Frankfurt with a historic city which is still very well preserved and has been listed as a historical monument since 1972. The oldest building in Frankfurt is also located there, the Justinus Church. The most recent consortia took place in the north-east in 1972 and 1977. Some of these districts have preserved their rural character to this day (Kalbach, Harheim, Nieder-Eschbach and Nieder-Erlenbach); to the east of Bergen-Enkheim).

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Panorama of the Main in Hoechst

green belt

Frankfurt's green belt is circular in shape around the densely populated city center. It consists of three different landscapes, the Berger ridge in the north-east of the city, the Niddatal valley along the entire route in the Frankfurt city area to the west and north and the Frankfurt city forest to the south. The green belt covers more than 8,000 hectares, which corresponds to about one third of Frankfurt’s urban area. It was founded in 1991 as one of the first green belt in the world with a municipal constitution, the Grüngürtel Constitution, and is part of the 10,850 hectares of landscape protection area Grüngürtel and Grüngürtel in the city of Frankfurt am Main, which has been designated since 1994. The protected landscape area is divided into two zones, protected from development and alterations in use. Zone I includes green areas and gardens, sports, recreation and recreation facilities, zone II forest and arable areas, woods and fields, meadows and wetlands. Parts of the green belt are seamlessly transferred to the even larger protection and recreation area Regional Park RheinMain. In the Grüneburgpark, on the Bornheimer slope and in the Ostpark as well as in the Sinai wilderness, foothills of the green belt stretch all the way to the city center.

The Frankfurt City Forest is one of the largest urban forests in Germany and covers the southern parts of Schwanheim, Niederrad, Sachsenhausen and Oberrad as well as the northern part of the airport district. The Niddapark, which was built in 1989 for the Garden Show in Frankfurt, the Volksparks Lohrberg and Huthpark, the Biegwald and the Low Forest, the Fechenheimer Main Arch, the Sossenheimer Unterfeld and the Schwanheimer Unterfeld with the nature reserve Schwanheimer Düne are located in the green belt of Frankfurt. Other nature reserves in the Grüngürtel include the Enkheimer Ried, the Seckbacher Ried, the Mühlbachtal valley of Bergen-Enkheim, the Harheimer Ried and the Riedmeer meadows.

View from Lohrberg towards the city center

The Enkheimer Ried in Bergen-Enkheim

Green belt at the mountain of Frankfurt, in the foreground the Nidda

From Frankfurt to the end of the Holy Roman Empire

German special letter mark "1200 Years Frankfurt am Main" from 1994

Frankfurt am Main was first held on 22 March. In February 1994 he was mentioned in a document of Charles the Great for the Regensburg monastery of St. Emmeram. The Latin document states: "... actum super fluvium Moin in loco nuncupante Franconofurd" - "given (displayed) on the river Main in a place called Frankfurt." However, settlement of the hill of the Cathedral has already been established for the Neolithic period. A Roman military camp was probably established in the same place, and in the Merovinian period a Franconian royal court was established. In 843 Frankfurt became the sometimes most important royal palace of the East Franconia and the place of Reichstagen. In 1220, Emperor Friedrich II was created. the office of the Reichsvovante in Frankfurt. The emperor's Reichsschultheiß was replaced by this ministerial as head of the citizenry. During the 13th and 14th centuries the city gained more and more privileges and regulars, for example the annual autumn fair in 1240 and the spring fair in 1330. In 1266, the town council was first mentioned, consisting of 42 patricians and future craftsmen. Since 1311, two mayors have been elected annually by the Council as self-governing city leaders. In 1372, Frankfurt acquired full sovereignty as a Reichsstadt.

The Golden Bulle of 1356 confirmed Frankfurt as the legitimate electoral city of the royal kings, after most royal elections had taken place here since 1147. In 1562, the emperor's congregations took place in Frankfurt, most recently in 1792, in the Habsburgs of Franz II. The route leading from Imperial St. Bartholomew through the market to the Roman was reconstructed between 2012 and 2018 during the Dom-Römer project. In 1742, Frankfurt became a residence for almost three years. Since the emperor, Karl VII, who hails from the house of Wittelsbach, is a member of the German Parliament. After his crowning did not return to his native land, which was able to return to Bavaria's Kurfürstentum occupied by Habsburg troops, he lived until October 1744 at the Palais Barckhaus an der Zeil.

With the end of the Old Reich, the sovereignty of Frankfurt as a Reichsstadt also ended. On July 12, 1806, it was ruled by the prince’s Karl Theodor von Dalberg, who united it with the Principality of Regensburg and the Principality of Aschaffenburg and the Reichsstadt of Wetzlar to form an independent state within the Rhine Confederation, the state of the Princess. In 1810, Dalberg took over the Principality of Regensburg in Bavaria, received the Principality of Hanau and the Principality of Fulda in return, and became the Grand Duke of Frankfurt. In the short-lived Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, the city of Frankfurt formed a mairie between 1810 and 1813 and was the capital of the department of Frankfurt, which also belonged to its former rural villages as district mairie Frankfurt.

The Free City of Frankfurt

city view from Frankfurt a. M. to 6 cross coin of 1854

On October 28, 1813, Dalberg gave away his grand duke from Frankfurt with the collapse of the Napoleonic system. His Grand Duchy was subordinated by the victorious Allies as General Governor of Frankfurt to the Department of Administration for the Occupied Territories. 14. In 1813, the city and its territory were restored to their independence and their rich city constitution was reinstated. The former prefect Friedrich Maximilian von Günderrode took over the provisional management of the administration as townhouse secret.

At the Vienna Congress, the Kingdom of Bavaria was planning to annex Frankfurt, but the Congress decided on 8 June. 1815 the restoration of Frankfurt as a free city within the German Confederation. In addition to Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck, it was one of four free cities that maintained their traditional urban freedom until the time of modernity. The Free City of Frankfurt gave itself a new constitution, the constitution supplement act, and the slogan strong in the law. The Bundestag of the German Federation was established in Frankfurt. In 1833, the Frankfurt Wax Tower failed to spark a general revolution in Germany. In 1848, the March Revolution occurred in the German states. The convened National Assembly met in the Paulskirche church in Frankfurt and, with the Paulskirche constitution, drafted Germany's first pan-German and democratic constitution.

In 1863, the Frankfurt Prince's Congress, an attempt to reform the German Confederation, ended without success. In the German War in 1866 Frankfurt remained bundestreu. Public opinion was more in the hands of Austria and the Emperor, although there have been voices in Frankfurt for some time now calling for a voluntary connection to Prussia for economic and foreign policy reasons. 18. The city was occupied by the Prussian army during the main campaign on July 1, 2009, and it was heavily attributed to the city. 2. On 11 October Prussia annexed the city, which thus definitively lost its independence; The district of Frankfurt was assigned to the Wiesbaden district of the province of Hessen-Nassau and the payment of the contributions was later waived. In 1868 Prussia introduced the constitution of the Magistrate Council in Frankfurt with a mayor as head of the city. In 1871 the Franco-German War with the Frankfurt Peace was officially ended as a conciliatory symbol in Frankfurt.

From the Beginning to Destruction in World War II

Salzhaus (right) and Haus Frauenstein (left) am Römerberg, Photochrome print around 1896

For the economic development of the city as an industrial center with rapid population growth, the annexation was beneficial. Between 1877 and 1910, Frankfurt captured numerous surrounding towns in several stages and expanded its area from 70 to 135 square kilometers. This was the beginning of the 20th century. For a short time Germany's largest city. With rapid population growth, the city expanded its public infrastructure, including numerous schools, several mainbridges, water supply, sanitation, a modern professional fire brigade, cattle and slaughterhouses, the market hall, trams, railway stations and ports. After the industry first settled mainly in Bockenheim, along the Mainz Landstraße and in Sachsenhausen, the eastern port was built between 1909 and 1912 with an industrial area whose newly opened area was as large as the entire end of the 19th century. The city was built in the 19th century, north of the river Mains. In addition to the traditional Frankfurt branches, foundries and metal goods, foundries and printing houses, breweries, chemical factories and, after the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in 1891, an electrical industry also emerged. In 1914, the University was founded by citizens of Frankfurt.

Frankfurt was spared destruction during the First World War, but due to its location as a Prussian border town with Hessian and Bavarian hinterlands, it suffered from poor supplies of food and other daily necessities. The November Revolution of 1918 led to unrest and temporary street battles that continued until the end of 1919.

In the 1920s, Frankfurt experienced a cultural flowering, including through its theater and the urban development program of the New Frankfurt (world-renowned for its Frankfurt cuisine, the original type of modern built-in kitchen). In 1925 the first international workers' Olympics took place in the newly built Waldstadion.

During the Nazi era, 11,134 Jews were deported from Frankfurt. Only 367 of them survived the Holocaust. During World War II, allied air strikes on Frankfurt destroyed about 70 percent of the buildings, including almost the entire city center. The medieval town was lost until 1944 because the reconstruction in the 1950s did not follow the old structures. Much of the old town is still characterized by the simple modernist buildings and traffic corridors that were built at the time.

Since 1945: development into a multicultural economic metropolis

At the end of the war, US forces set up their European headquarters in Frankfurt. Plans to grant special status to the expanded city area as an independent district of Frankfurt, similar to the District of Columbia, proved impracticable. In 1946 the city was assigned to the newly formed Land of Greater Hessen. In 1947, the Bizone Economic Council, which was enlarged to the Trizone in 1948, settled in Frankfurt. Frankfurt was defeated at the election of the federal capital on 10 March. May 1949 against Konrad Adenauer's favorite Bonn. A parliament building had already been built in Frankfurt. It has been home to Hessischer Rundfunk since then.

Despite its defeat in the capital, the city once again became an economic metropolis and the most important financial center in continental Europe during the period of economic miracle. As a result of the division of Germany, Frankfurt took over metropolitan functions as the seat of companies, associations and federal institutions and became the seat of the European Central Bank in 1998.

city view with cathedral (about 1612)

The National Assembly at the Paulskirche in Frankfurt (1848)

aerial picture of the oldest part of the old town (1911)

Destroyed old town with cathedral (June 1945)

development

Population development of Frankfurt am Main from 1387 to 2018

Information about the population development of Frankfurt is based until the 19th century. It was not until about 1810 on census results and official statistics. In the Middle Ages, Frankfurt was one of the medium-sized German cities with a population of about 10,000. 17. In the 18th century, the population exceeded 20,000 inhabitants. 30,000 and around 1810 40,000. Until the end of the Free City of Frankfurt in 1866, the city population rose to more than 90,000, of which approximately 78,000 were living within the Wallanlagen. Today, there are about 7,000 people still living here.

In 1875, Frankfurt had 100,000 inhabitants. From 1880 it was one of the ten largest cities in Germany. In 1910, it was ranked ninth in Germany and fourth among Prussian cities, with 414,576 inhabitants. By the beginning of World War II, the urban population rose to 553,464.

During World War II, more than 4,800 civilians and 12,700 soldiers from Frankfurt died, and almost 12,000 Jewish residents from Frankfurt (of a former 30,000) were murdered in the Holocaust. At the end of 1945, 358,000 people still lived in the city, where about half of the homes had been destroyed by the war.

In 1951, the population again exceeded its 1939 level and reached a provisional peak of 691,257 in 1963. As a result of migratory losses, the number of inhabitants declined to 592,411 by 1986, and since then it has risen again to 763,380 (reference date 31). December 2019). Population growth is a result of the city's economic dynamism, the designation of new residential and residential areas, and the change in the age structure through the arrival of young families.

According to the June 2015 Regionalized Population Forecast to 2040, the Statistics and Elections Office expects a continuation of the strong population growth of recent years. On February 18, 2019, Frankfurt had a population of over 750,000 for the first time. Approximately 764,000 inhabitants are expected in 2020, around 810,000 in 2030 and around 830,000 in 2040. According to a study by the Institute of the German Economy (IW), Frankfurt's average age is falling fastest in Germany due to the continuing influx of mainly young people. In 2017, it was 40.6 years.

30 per cent of the 758,574 inhabitants registered as resident in Frankfurt on 11 December 2019 are not German nationals. Apart from some surrounding municipalities, this is the highest percentage of all municipalities in Hesse. According to the report on Integrity and Diversification Monitoring of the Municipal Office of Multicultural Affairs, presented in June 2017, 51.2 per cent of Frankfurt’s citizens had a migrant background in 2015, of which about a third did not migrate themselves.

religions and beliefs

Today, all world religions are represented in Frankfurt. Until 2001, the majority of Frankfurt people belonged to one of the Christian denominations. Secularization and immigration of non-Christian groups have led to a steady decline in the Christian population. The proportion of the non-religious population is not specifically reported in urban population statistics.

Since the Reformation, the city has been regarded as a traditional Protestant, although the Catholic community has never completely died out. The Catholics' share has increased since the 18th century due to immigration and communion. It has been larger than the Protestants since 1995. In 2018, 20.3% of the inhabitants were Roman Catholic, 16.2% Protestant; 63.5% were unreligious or belonging to other denominations or religions.

Some 6500 Frankfurt inhabitants belong to the Jewish community of Frankfurt. According to an estimate published in 2007, around 75,000 Muslims lived in Frankfurt at the end of 2006.

The 7th There was a small church at the site of the cathedral. Since the end of the 12th In the 19th century, numerous other churches and chapels were built quickly, partly as foundations of the citizens of Frankfurt, and partly as offices of the Order.

In 1533 the Free Reich Town introduced the Reformation. After the Augsburg interim of 1548, the Catholic monasteries and monasteries in Frankfurt were returned to the Catholic Church in order to avoid conflict with the Catholic Emperor and not to endanger the urban privileges (especially the fairs and the Imperial elections). The few remaining Catholics had freedom of religion since the Augsburg Peace of Religion in 1555, but were able to obtain civil rights only in exceptional cases until 1806. Hugenotten traces came from France, which created the first community of Réfugiés in Germany in 1554. Protestant religious refugees from England made the English monument a gift to thank for the hospitality of the city in 1558. The reformed church was only allowed to build its own churches in Frankfurt in 1786. In 1866 the Lutheran and the reformed municipalities joined together to form a Frankfurt regional church.

In 1933, the Frankfurt regional church united with the Protestant churches of Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau under state pressure to form the Protestant Church of Nassau-Hessen, which became the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau (EKHN) in 1947. The Bergen-Enkheim, which was established in 1976, remains part of the Protestant church of Kurhessen-Waldeck. The Evangelical Church Congress has been held four times in Frankfurt, in 1956, 1975, 1987 and 2001. The 3rd Ecumenical Church Congress in Frankfurt.

Until 1917, the then 86,000 Catholics of Frankfurt formed a common city, then several parishes gradually developed. The Catholic districts are mainly part of the diocese of Limburg, only Bergen-Enkheim belong to the diocese of Fulda and the districts of Harheim, Nieder-Erlenbach and Nieder-Eschbach belong to the diocese of Mainz. The German Catholics' Day has been held three times in the city, in 1863, 1882 and 1921.

In addition to the two major confessions, there are also Orthodox churches, ancient oriental churches, free churches and other confessions in Frankfurt, including the Old Catholic Church, the New Apostolic Church and Jehovah's Witnesses.

A Jewish community was first mentioned in 1150 in Frankfurt. Two times in the Middle Ages, in 1241 and 1349, the Jews of Frankfurt became victims of pogroms. From 1462 to 1796 they had to live in a ghetto, the Jewish gasse. In 1806, Prince Prima Karl Theodor von Dalberg ordered the equality of all Jews and Christians. In 1816, the Free City of Frankfurt partially restricted the civil rights of Jews in the constitutional supplement act. Only in 1864, Frankfurt was the third German state to grant Jews full equality after Hamburg and Baden.

About 28,000 Jews lived in Frankfurt around 1930. During the Nazi era, almost all of them were deported or displaced, destroying the four great synagogues during the November 1938 pogroms. 11,134 Frankfurt Jews were deported during the Holocaust. By the end of the war, only about 160 had survived in the city. Shortly after the end of the war, a new Jewish community was founded by deported East European Jews. Today, it is one of the large municipalities in the Federal Republic with around 6,500 members. The largest synagogue in Frankfurt is the Westend synagogue.

Built in 1959 in Sachsenhausen, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Mosque was the first mosque in Frankfurt and one of the first in Germany. There are now some 35 mosques of different Islamic faiths in Frankfurt.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormones) has its headquarters for the European Center area in Frankfurt am Main (Eckenheim). In addition, two municipalities are located in Eckenheim and Hoechst. In 1987, the Frankfurt Temple in Friedrichsdorf was the first Mormon temple in the then Federal Republic.

The Scientology Church, which is from the United States, has a branch office in the Frankfurt Train Station District since 1971. Outside Frankfurt, in Hofheim-Langenhain, since 1964 the only home of the Baha'i ancestry in Europe. Frankfurt’s city center hosts the Christmas hall of the Unitarian Free Religious Community with more than 1000 members, founded in 1845 and recognized as a public corporation.

St. Bartholomew's Cathedral is the largest church in the city

The Nuur Mosque, the first mosque in Frankfurt

The Westend Synagogue, the largest synagogue in Frankfurt

Mayor Peter Feldmann (SPD), 2017

The main statutes of Frankfurt am Main and the Hessian municipal code determine today the constitutional structure of the city.

Frankfurt am Main is currently managed by a coalition of CDU, SPD and Greens under the mayor Peter Feldmann. In 2012, the SPD candidate, Mr. Feldmann, won the runoff on 25 June 2012. On 11 March 2012, Hesse's Interior Minister Boris Rhein won the first round of the election on 11 March 2012 with an absolute majority of 57.4 percent. March 2012 was before Peter Feldmann. In March 2018, he was re-elected for a second term in a run-off against CDU candidate Bernadette Weyland.

Frankfurt has been divided into districts 182 and 183 since the 2002 general election. Matthias Zimmer (CDU) and Bettina Wiesmann (CDU) won the direct mandates in the 2017 federal elections. Nicola Beer (FDP), Achim Kessler (Left), Ulli Nissen (SPD) and Omid Nouripour (Greens) joined the German Bundestag on the list of states.

At the invitation of the Hessian Prime Minister, who was President of the Federal Council in 2014/2015, the celebrations for the 25th Day of German Unity took place from 2 to 4 March 2014. 2015 in Frankfurt. More than 1.4 million visitors took part in the three-day Citizens' Festival, which was held under the motto of transcending borders. The highlight of the 300 events was a lighting and sound production on the bank of the Main.

municipal assembly

The city council, which meets in Rome, is the municipal council of the city of Frankfurt am Main. The 93 seats will be awarded every five years by the public in a general, direct, free, equal and secret ballot.

Political parties representing at least three members of the city are entitled to form a political group. Representatives of smaller parties may join existing political groups or form bipartisan groups. The local election on 6 March. March 2016 concluded that:

In the 2016 election, the previous black-and-green coalition, with 36 mandates, clearly missed the necessary majority of 47 seats in the assembly. Both partners suffered a significant loss of votes (Greens minus 10.5 %, CDU minus 6.4 %). In addition to the first - ever alternative for Germany, which received 8.9 % of the assembly, the SPD, the left and the FDP were able to increase their votes. In total, 15 parties and constituencies won seats.

At the beginning of April 2016, the members of the Parliament of the 'PARTY', the Independent Voters and the Pirate Party joined the 'THE GROUP' group. A few days later, the representatives of the 'European List for Frankfurt', 'Die Frankfurter' and 'Gray Panther' joined together in the 'Die FRANKFURTER' group. In mid-April 2016, ALFA's municipal councilor joined the CDU faction.

coat

	Blowing: "The city coat of arms shows the white (silver), raised, gold-crowned and gold-guarded eagle with curled wings and catches, with blue tongue and blue claws on the red field."
	crest: The Frankfurt eagle dates back to the 13th century imperial eagle.

town twinning

Frankfurt town twinning from 2005

Town twinning schemes consist of the following cities:

• France Lyon, France - since 1960
• United Kingdom Birmingham, United Kingdom - since 1966
• Italy Milan, Italy - since 1970
• China People's Republic of Guangzhou (Canton), People's Republic of China - since 1988
• Hungary Budapest, Hungary - since 1990
• Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic - since 1990
• Nicaragua Granada, Nicaragua - since 1991
• Poland Krakow, Poland - since 1991
• Turkey Eskişehir, Turkey - since 2013
• United States of Philadelphia, United States - since 2015

Furthermore, since 1967 a partnership has been established between the then self-employed district of Nieder-Eschbach and the town of Deuil-la-Barre (France).

Friendship contracts exist with the following cities:

• Egypt Cairo, Egypt - since 1979
• Israel Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel - since 1980
• Canada Toronto, Canada - since 1989
• Germany Leipzig, Saxony, Germany - cooperation since 1990
• United Arab Emirates Dubai, United Arab Emirates - since 2005
• Japan Yokohama, Japan - since 2011

Contacts in the form of cooperation agreements and declarations of intent have been in place since 2003 with Daejeon, since 2006 with Shenzhen and Moscow, since 2013 with Istanbul and Incheon, since 2015 with Shanghai and since 2019 with Ho Chi Minh City.

municipal budget

After a generous public construction policy in the 1980's, Frankfurt had increased its debt from EUR 840 million (1977) to EUR 2.25 billion (1989) under the mayors of the CDU Walter Wallmann and Wolfram Brück. Under the red-green Magistrate, debt rose to a peak of 3.4 billion by 1993. Frankfurt thus had at times the highest per capita debt among the major cities (excluding city states) in Germany. As the local government's conditionality prohibited a further increase in net debt, the city began fiscal consolidation from 1994 onwards. Debt declined sharply thereafter, partly as a result of a sharp increase in the business tax, a moderate spending policy, and, at times, a very good economic performance.

In 2006, Frankfurt was ranked sixth among the fifteen largest German cities (Bremen approximately 17,000, Berlin approximately 16,000, Hamburg approximately 13,000, Cologne approximately 3,800, Munich approximately 2,700 Euro per capita ). Due to good tax revenues and large budget surpluses, debt fell to €983 million by the end of 2010.

13. On 1 June 2008, the City published its opening balance sheet. January 2007, when the changeover to commercial accounting was launched. The city of Frankfurt thus had a capital of EUR 12.52 billion, of which EUR 11.8 billion was the capital. The city identified properties including: 1145 kilometers of road; 44,266 plots; approximately 1800 buildings; 58.6 kilometers of underground track; approximately 2500 species of plants in the palm garden; approximately 4500 animals from 580 species in the zoo; 4902 hectares of urban forest. The cathedral has the highest book value of all buildings with 58 million euros. The municipal equity was 8.29 billion, or 66.2% of its equity. The liabilities were €1.8 billion, while the provisions mainly intended to cover pension entitlements were €1.2 billion.

In 2007 and 2008, the city recorded annual surpluses of over €500 million each. As a result of the financial crisis, tax revenues fell by more than 400 million per year, so annual deficits range from €180 to €320 million from 2009 to 2011. The 2013 budget forecast a cumulative deficit of 400 million by 2015, with rising spending on education, infrastructure, and housing. The city has therefore been forced to make significant savings since 2012.

The main reason was the development of the business tax as the city's main source of tax. A record €1.64 billion was raised in 2008. This means that Frankfurt has the highest income from business tax in Germany after Munich (€1.9 billion), but Munich is almost twice as large in terms of population as Frankfurt. Similar large cities like Stuttgart and Dortmund generate only about half or even one-fifth of Frankfurt's revenue. In 2012, the city again generated business tax revenues of €1.51 billion, in 2013 €1.44 billion, deficits of €52 million and €61 million for 2013. According to the 2014 annual accounts submitted in May 2015, the good economic situation even led to an increase in business tax revenues of EUR 1.73 billion gross, which is 187 million higher than expected. With a budget surplus of EUR 158 million, 2014 was the first fiscal year since 2008 that did not end with a deficit. The increase in fixed assets of around EUR 120 million was mainly due to investments in schools, public transport and the co-financing of housing projects. In 2015 and 2016, surpluses amounted to 176 million euro and almost 114 million euro respectively. The result improved as a result of rising tax revenues, while the consolidation measures adopted and implemented in 2012 were effective. In 2017, a shortfall of almost €200 million was created, which the city mainly attributed to increased spending due to strong population growth, such as building and rehabilitating schools and public institutions, additional housing costs for refugees, and increased staff and pension costs. In 2018, a shortfall of almost €28 million was also concluded.

Frankfurt is one of the almost 30 municipalities in Hesse that receive significantly less subsidies as a result of the reorganization of the municipal financial compensation introduced in 2016. Until 2019, Frankfurt was burdened with more than 530 million euros as a result of the new rules. In December 2016, Frankfurt therefore brought an action before the State Court of Hesse. In January 2019, the State Court dismissed the application as admissible but unfounded. The Court concluded that ‘the data available to the legislature did not allow the applicant’s special needs to be mapped out on the basis of her metropolitan location, i.e. her specific task’.

In the double budget for 2020/2021, the city expects deficits of EUR 131 million and EUR 192 million respectively and plans investments of EUR 725 million and EUR 602 million respectively. In addition to education and urban transport, urban planning, including housing, is the largest investment area. Social benefits will receive EUR 822 million and EUR 844 million respectively, childcare, school-leaving, youth and adult education and the city library EUR 876 million and EUR 925 million respectively. Public transport will receive funding of EUR 211 million and EUR 234 million, while the cultural sector will receive funding of EUR 207 million and EUR 211 million.

In 2016, Frankfurt on Main, within its city limits, achieved a gross domestic product of €66.917 billion, ranking fourth in Germany's cities by economic performance and holding a 24.8% share of total Hessen's economic output. GDP per capita in the same year was €91,099 per capita (Hessen: €43,496, Germany €38,180). Frankfurt is the fifth richest city in Germany and the richest in the larger cities. GDP per worker is €97,178. In 2016, the city employs some 688,600 people. The unemployment rate was 4.9% in December 2018, slightly above the average of 4.1% in Hesse. Frankfurt is the center of the Rhine-Main metropolitan area, one of the most economically efficient regions in the country, with a GDP of more than €250 billion.

According to a ranking of Liverpool University in 2001, Frankfurt is considered the most productive city in Europe (by gross domestic product per capita) (before Karlsruhe, Paris and Munich). The city is today one of the richest and most powerful metropolises in Europe. This is also evident in the large number of international representation offices. In an annual study (European Cities Monitor, 2010) by Cushman & Wakefield, Frankfurt has been ranked third for more than 20 years as the best location for international corporations in Europe (after London and Paris). Frankfurt has a central importance for the state of Hesse, with 40 percent of the 4.24 billion Euro in business tax revenue in Hesse coming from Frankfurt.

Frankfurt was ranked 10th in a ranking of the most important financial centers worldwide (status: 2018).

Work in Frankfurt

Frankfurt is the city with the highest density of jobs and commuters in Germany, with 699,600 employees (2017), including some 622,000 employees subject to social security contributions (2017). In 2017, the number of daily commuters was 362,450, while the number of extradition commuters was 95,074. The number of people in employment has been increasing for years, by more than 55,000 since 2010. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of employees subject to social security contributions fell from 495,000 to 463,000, and has since increased steadily.

More than 81,000 people work at around 500 companies at Frankfurt Airport, which is the largest local workplace in Germany. The largest single economic sector is the provision of financial and insurance services, which employs around 75,600 people. The fastest absolute growth is in transport and storage and professional, scientific and technical services.

In 2017, the average gross wage of full-time employees subject to social security payments in Frankfurt was 4,182 euros, which is about 1,200 euros higher than in 2000. The different sectors are clearly different: While the average gross wage in the hospitality and simple services sector is EUR 2,340, a full-time employee in the IT sector earns EUR 5,350 per month and in the financial sector EUR 6,080 per month. The high average income of full-time employees is compared to 46,367 only marginally employed persons and about 22,108 unemployed. The unemployment rate is 5.6%. In 2005, the unemployment rate was 35,637 (10.6%)

The high economic power of the city is reflected in the coffers of neighboring towns and municipalities of the Speckgürtel, mainly in the Anterior Taunus, which benefit from above-average tax payments from their commuters earning in Frankfurt, which is why two of the five richest districts in Germany, namely the Hochtaunuskreis with Bad Homburg before the high as a district town and the Main-Taunus district with Hofheim on Taunus, are as district .

Downtown banking district

handling of cargo at the airport

trading area of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange

quality

In December 2010, a public survey of the city of Frankfurt revealed that 66% of all citizens in Frankfurt are generally satisfied or very satisfied with the city, with only six percent saying that they are dissatisfied with the city. Since 1993, the number of satisfied people has increased by 22%, while the number of dissatisfied people has decreased by 8%. 84 percent of Frankfurt citizens like to live in their city, 13 percent prefer to live elsewhere. Public security satisfaction in Frankfurt is 37 per cent (1993: only nine per cent), 22 per cent dissatisfied (1993: 64 per cent).

crime

In all German cities, more than 200,000 inhabitants have been registered in Frankfurt for many years the most crimes in terms of population. In 2013, this frequency was 16,292 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants. Since the city regularly ranked first in crime statistics, the media sometimes described it as the capital of the crime and Germany's most dangerous plaster. After On April 2017, Police Crimean Statistics released Frankfurt in 2016, with 15,671 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants, ranked fourth behind Berlin, Leipzig and Hanover for the first time.

The Frankfurt Police Bureau warned against using the frequency of all offenses for comparison with other major cities, as the statistics only cover the offenses known to the police and dealt with by them. The police pointed out that the highest commuter balance in Germany means that around 260,000 people are living in the city every day. There are also visitors and tourists, some 1.5 to 2.5 million trade fair guests and some 53 million passengers a year who are also in the city. Around six per cent of all offenses are registered at the airport, including theft of cargo, passport violations, and violations of entry rules and the aviation law. The high number of offenses discovered in Frankfurt was a consequence of the high density of controls in the city area.

Urban authorities and bodies also sought a different interpretation in their own publications on crime statistics. According to the report, if a differentiated approach was taken by category of offense, Frankfurt was only in the top ranking for drug offenses and for offenses at the top of the statistics, for fraud, simple theft and transport hijacking. Credit card and account fraud is recorded at the banks' headquarters, regardless of the actual location. The high number of drug-related offenses detected and black journeys (around 6.7% of all cases registered in Germany) was a result of intensive inspections at the airport and at the traffic junctions in the city center. Frankfurt ranked middle in the statistics for crimes relevant to security, such as murder and manslaughter, rape and sexual coercion, robbery and bodily harm.

A study carried out by the University of Greifswald in April 2011 on the subjective sense of security of the population of Frankfurt am Main showed that 84% of the citizens interviewed feel safe or secure from crime during the day; At night, it's 71 percent.

resident

In hardly any other German city there are so many internationally leading companies from a wide variety of industries, including chemical companies, advertising agencies, software companies and call centers. The head office of the Management Board office for passenger traffic with DB Regio AG and DB FernverkehrsAG, the Group development and other important departments of Deutsche Bahn and its subsidiary DB Net AG are located at the DB headquarters in the Gallus. The fur trade center around Niddastrasse was the main trading venue for fur and fur confectionery in Germany for several decades after World War II and was one of the three most important markets in the industry in the world. With a turnover of 536 million people, the 356 German businesses of the smoke and fur confectionery industry based in Germany contributed almost 10 percent to the city's social product. At the time, 65 percent of the world's free-trade fur products made their way through Frankfurt on Main in some form. For years, Hoechst AG regarded Frankfurt as the "world pharmacy". Hoechst Industrial Park is one of the three largest sites in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in Europe. In Frankfurt you will also find the German headquarters of large food companies such as Nestlé and Ferrero as well as the headquarters of the largest brewery group in Germany, the Radeberger Group. With KPMG, one of the four largest accounting firms has its European headquarters in Frankfurt. PricewaterhouseCoopers has its German headquarters in Frankfurt, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu a branch office and Ernst & Young a branch outside the city limits in Eschborn. Some of the largest consulting companies and international law firms are also represented in Frankfurt.

financial sector

Frankfurt Stock Exchange

Frankfurt am Main is the seat of the European Central Bank and the German Bundesbank. The city is an important financial center and stock exchange location and ranks among the most important financial centers in the world. For example, the GaWC (Globalization and World Cities Research Network) classified Frankfurt as the only German city due to its economic importance as the "Alpha World City". This makes Frankfurt, together with 16 other cities, part of the third category of world cities.

With the institutions Deutsche Bank, Commerzbank, KfW and DZ Bank, the four largest German banks are located in Frankfurt (stand: 2015). Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank operate as universal banks and have branches worldwide. The main task of Kfw is to promote small and medium-sized enterprises and start-ups. DZ Bank is a central institution of the cooperative financial sector. As a subsidiary of DZ Bank, Union Investment, DVB Bank and Travel Bank are also based in Frankfurt, and Frankfurt Volksbank is the second largest Volksbank in Germany.

Among the public credit institutions, Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen (Helaba), DekaBank, Agricultural Rentenbank and Frankfurter Sparkasse are also based in Frankfurt.

The largest German direct bank, ING-DiBa, is also based in Frankfurt. In addition, some major private banks have their headquarters or headquarters in Frankfurt, such as SEB AG, Bankhaus Metzler, Hauck & Aufhäuser, Delbrück Bethmann Maffei, BHF-Bank and Corealcredit Bank. From the circle of sustainability banks, Triodos Bank with its German branch and GLS Kommunbank with a branch in Frankfurt are represented.

At the end of 2010, 154 foreign banks had their German head office in Frankfurt and a further 40 had an office.

With the trading platforms of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and XETRA operated by Deutsche Börse AG Frankfurt is the second largest stock market in Europe and handles the lion's share of German securities trading. In addition, the German headquarters of the three major rating agencies Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s and Fitch Ratings are located in Frankfurt.

According to a study carried out by Comdirect, the city ranked 3rd among Germany’s fintech locations behind Berlin and Munich together with Hamburg. At the end of 2017, there were 84 fintech startups in Frankfurt. Because of the high rents and the competition for skilled young people, Frankfurt is considered a difficult patch for Fintechs. Fintechs, based in Frankfurt, include the digital insurance manager CLARK and the digital asset manager Moneyfarm.

The supervisory bodies located here are also part of the Frankfurt financial center. From 1950 to 2000, the Federal Court of Auditors was based in Frankfurt. Today, the Bank of Financial Services Supervision (BaFin), the Federal Financial Market Stabilization Agency (Bundesanstalt für Finanzmarktstabilization) and two bodies of the European System of Financial Supervisors (ESAs), the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA), as well as the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), perform early detection, prevention and control of systemic risks within the EU financial market. Since late 2014, there has also been a Single Supervisory Mechanism for the eurozone's 150 largest banks.

New construction of the European Central Bank

Deutsche Bank headquarters

Commerzbank headquarters

DZ Bank headquarters

construction and real estate

According to the Construction and Real Estate Study of the IHK Frankfurt am Main, there were 14,589 companies in the construction and real estate industry in their district in 2012. In Frankfurt alone, there were 31,265 employees in the industry. In 1999, the industry had employed more than 36,000 people. The largest companies are DTZ Zadelhoff, Jones LangLaSalle, BNP Paribas Real Estate, Bilfinger Berger, Hochtief, Porr Germany, Techem, Nassauische Heimstätte, ABG Frankfurt Holding, Wayss & Freytag, Wisag, Ed. Züblin and Albert Speer & Partner. In 2011, sales in the construction and real estate sector amounted to more than 8 billion euros. Since 2002, it has increased by 7.8%.

retail

The 600-meter-long line in the city center is the most famous shopping street in Frankfurt with the highest turnover. With up to 13,120 passers-by per hour, it was the first most frequented of 170 German shopping streets in 2012. The second place was the 2009 target in the nationwide rental price comparison for retail areas. A shop owner paid up to 265 euros per square meter. In February 2009 the new shopping center MyZeil opened in the palace.

While the shops located at the Zeil are in the favorable to medium price category, the nearby Goethestrasse is known for its luxury brands. Compared to other so-called luxury miles such as the Königsallee in Düsseldorf, it ranked 5th with 1,520 passers-by per hour in 2012. Other important retail locations in Frankfurt include the Northwest Center in the Northwest City, one of Germany's largest shopping centers, the Hessen Center in the Bergen-Enkheim district and the Main-Taunus Center in Sulzbach, just at the city border.

In addition, there are several shopping streets in the neighborhoods, such as the Berger Strasse in Northrend and Bornheim, the Swiss Strasse in Sachsenhausen, the Leipziger Strasse in Bockenheim, the Königsteiner Strasse in Höchst or the Oeder Weg, which extends from the city center to the north end.

The Skyline Plaza, which opened in August 2013, represents another retail location. The Skyline Plaza is a shopping and congress center, built on the site of the former main freight railway station in the European quarter, with a capacity of 180 shops.

line

mall MyZeil

Goethestrasse

car manufacturer

Frankfurt is the seat of numerous German and European headquarters of foreign automotive companies such as Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (with Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Jeep), Honda and Kia. In front of the city gates Opel resides in Rüsselsheim on the Main as well as Jaguar in Schwalbach am Taunus. Škoda and Seat have their German headquarters in the further town, some 30 kilometers away. Mazda, a Japanese manufacturer, operates a design center in Oberursel (Taunus). The European sales office of Hyundai is located in Offenbach am Main.

In addition, the supply industry is also strongly represented. From the former Frankfurt companies TEVES and VDO, Continental AG has production, administration and development locations in Frankfurt, Eschborn, Schwalbach am Taunus, Karben, Babenhausen (Hesse) and Friedberg (Hesse). The automotive manufacturers and suppliers in the region have joined together in the Automotive Cluster Rhine Main Neckar.

IT and telecommunications

Headquarters of Colt and Nintendo in Lyon

Frankfurt is the seat of many companies in the IT and telecommunications industry. These include large group-based companies such as T-Systems, Finanzinformatik, DB Systel, Fujitsu and Lufthansa Systems. The telecommunications service providers Colt and Level 3 as well as the telecommunications equipment equipment provider Avaya have their headquarters in Germany. The central registration for domain names related to Germany is carried out by DENIC, based in Frankfurt. The International Network Management Center (INMC) at the Europaturm coordinates and ensures the operation of Deutsche Telekom's global voice and data network. The companies Deck13, Keen Games and Crytek are renowned computer game developers and Konami Europe is also based here. Nintendo of Europe, the European headquarters of Nintendo, the world's largest video game developer, is also located with a large part of the departments in Frankfurt. In April 2015, the headquarters were moved from the nearby Grossostheim in Lower Franconia. The Games Academy, which specializes in the training of game developers, has a branch office in Frankfurt since 2007.

A particularly high concentration of IT companies can be found in former industrial areas along the Hanauer Landstraße, Mainz Landstraße and Gutleutstraße. In the greater Frankfurt area, IT companies are mainly located in Bad Homburg near the high altitude, Eschborn, Kronberg im Taunus, Langen (Hesse), Neu-Isenburg and Schwalbach am Taunus. Frankfurt is part of the IT cluster Rhein-Main-Neckar.

Frankfurt is home to the DE-CIX, the world's largest internet hub after traffic. This is why the city has a large number of data centers.

associations

Associations such as the Association of Chemical Industries (VCI), the Central Association of Electrotechnical and Electronic Industries (ZVEI), the Association of Photography Industries (VDMA), the Association of Electrotechnical, Electronics and Information Technology (VDE) with the associated Electrotechnical Standards Commission (DKE im DIN and VDE), the Association of German Chefs, The Design Association Council, the Federal Association of German Mail Order Companies and the German Institute for Internal Audit (DIIR) settled in Frankfurt. From 1946 to 2010, the Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) was based in Frankfurt and hosted the International Motor Show (IAA) every two years until 2019. In addition, the Association of German Book Traders, which organizes the Frankfurt Book Fair, has its headquarters in Frankfurt. The DECHEMA Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology e.g. V. a non-profit scientific and technical company, awards numerous scientific awards and organizes every three years together with Messe Frankfurt the Achema, the world's largest exhibition for chemical technology, environmental protection and biotechnology.

trade

The head offices of the trade unions IG Metall, IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt, and the Union for Education and Science (GEW), which are members of the German Trade Union Federation (DGB), are located in Frankfurt. There is also the headquarters of the union of German Locomotive Managers in Frankfurt.

fair

Trade fairs have been held in Frankfurt since the Middle Ages. In 1240, Emperor Frederick II granted. the city's trade fair privilege, under which the autumn trade fair, which takes place every year, became the hub for European distance trade. In 1330 the spring trade fair was added. Frankfurt was connected to Leipzig, the second major trade fair venue in the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, by a highway, via Regia. After a period of decline since the 18th After World War II, the city was able to return to its old trade fair tradition.

The Frankfurt Book Fair, the Achema and Ambiente are among the events taking place at the exhibition. The most traditional trade fair, known as the tendence for several years, has lost much importance in recent years. From 1951 to 2019, the International Motor Show took place here.

measuring tower

International Automobile Exhibition (IAA)

Frankfurt Book Fair

Festhalle at the exhibition grounds

Recent economic development

Höchst

Former Deutsche Bahn head office

A group of economists study the world's major business centers annually on behalf of Mastercard. In 2007, Frankfurt am Main was ranked seventh, well ahead of all other German sites, as they are more national than global. The importance of globalization for the economic development of the city is also reflected in a major structural change to which the Frankfurt economy has been exposed in recent decades.

From 1988 onwards, five DAX companies, including three banks (Commerzbank AG, Deutsche Bank AG, Dresdner Bank AG) and three industrial groups (Degussa AG, Hoechst AG and Metallgesellschaft) were based in Frankfurt, and six of the 30 DAX companies were established between 1990 and 1996. In mid-2007, there were only three DAX groups in Frankfurt, two banks (Commerzbank and Deutsche Bank) and one service company (Deutsche Börse). In the 1980s, structural change had initially affected the traditionally strong metal and electrical industry in Frankfurt. Companies such as Hartmann & Braun, United German Metallwerke, Demag, Naxos-Union, Adlerwerke, Tenovis or VDO shut down their Frankfurt plants or relocated their headquarters, mostly after mergers or acquisitions. The former second largest German electronics company AEG was acquired in 1982 after a comparison between Daimler-Benz and was liquidated in 1996 after years of economic decline. Degussa moved its headquarters to Düsseldorf in 2001 and is now part of the Essen Evonik group. In 2005, the metal company changed its name to GEA Group and moved to Bochum.

Although Frankfurt is one of the largest locations in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries in Europe, none of the major corporations is based in Frankfurt. In the 1970s and 1980s, Hoechst AG was at times the largest chemical and pharmaceutical company in the world after sales. In 1997, it split into several companies, which today belong to international groups such as Bayer, Celanese, Clariant and Sanofi. The Hoechst Industrial Park, one of Europe's three largest chemical sites employing some 22,000 people, invests more than €350 million annually. 26. The new production facility at Ticona was opened in Hoechst on 16 September 2011. Their relocation had become necessary because the former plant stood in the way of the expansion of Frankfurt airport. The former Ticona factory site in Kelsterbach had bought Fraport for an amount of 650 million euros.

Cassella AG in Fechenheim, once one of Hoechst's largest manufacturers of dyes and subsidiary, fell to Clariant in 1997 when Hoechst was split up. The former Cassella plant at Mainkur remains the headquarters of Allessa GmbH. The name of the company contains an ananym from Cassella. Merz Pharma is another major medium-sized company in the pharmaceutical industry in Frankfurt.

Following the reunification in 2000, Deutsche Bahn moved to Berlin with its headquarters for political reasons. The Group Development Division and other central departments as well as the subsidiaries DB Net and DB Systel remain based in Frankfurt.

The high business tax, high office rents and high real estate prices in Frankfurt led companies to move into the back belt outside the city gates until the 1990s. Deutsche Bank built its new data center in Eschborn in the 1990s and BHF-Bank in Offenbach in 1997. Meanwhile, however, it can be seen that companies have a higher weight than the lower corporate tax rates, Mattel moved his German headquarters back to the city.

According to the latest economic survey conducted by the IHK Frankfurt am Main, the economy in the IHK district continues to expect a positive development. The Business Climate Indicator stood at 129 points in autumn 2017. In the Future Atlas 2016, the district-free city of Frankfurt am Main was ranked 10 out of 402 districts and urban districts in Germany and is thus one of the regions with "top prospects" with a particular strength in innovation and the labor market.

purchasing power

Despite the structural change, Frankfurt maintained its position in gross domestic product per capita and employed person between 2002 and 2007 among the German cities, as well as in quality of life and attraction activity (as shown above). The decline in traditional industries was offset by growth in the service sector, including companies such as Fraport and Deutsche Börse, and by resettlement of large German or European foreign companies, such as the automotive and IT industries. The city is trying to avoid a unilateral orientation towards the financial sector and is supporting the development of Frankfurt as a research location for biotechnology. Frankfurt has therefore maintained its strong position in criteria such as population growth, unemployment rate or gross domestic product per inhabitant and employed person. Available incomes are among the highest in Germany. Private purchasing power is even higher in the neighboring Hochtaunuskreis and the Main-Taunus-Kreis. Nevertheless, Frankfurt also has a higher than average purchasing power index (PPS) at 114.5 (as of 2018).

tourism

Tourism is of crucial and growing importance to Frankfurt. In 2015, Frankfurt attracted more than 5.1 million visitors and nearly 8.7 million overnight stays in 265 accommodation establishments. Nearly 57 percent of the overnight guests were domestic. The city ranked fourth among the most popular city destinations in the number of overnight stays in the Federal Comparison after Berlin, Munich and Hamburg, and third among the foreign guests. Since 1990, the number of beds in the tourist accommodation sector has increased from 19,373 to 45,333. Most nights are in September and October, the least in December and January. The average stay is 1.7 nights. About 70 percent of the nights are on business; In 2015, for example, more than 1.7 million overnight stays were made in connection with the 73,163 congresses and meetings held in Frankfurt.

Thanks to its central location, the city of Frankfurt am Main is one of the most important transport hubs in Europe. This is where rail, road, inland waterway and air transport meet. According to a study by Marsh & McLennan Companies (2009), Frankfurt has the eighth best infrastructure in all cities worldwide (related to U.S. a. public transport and traffic), and is therefore located in front of world cities such as London, Paris, Sydney, Tokyo or New York. In Germany, only Munich (second place) and Düsseldorf (sixth place) perform better.

In 1909 the International Air Navigation Exhibition took place in Frankfurt, which became a major milestone in the international development of air transport. The first airline in the world (DELAG) was founded in the same year. In 1912, with the flight mail at the Rhine and Main, the commercial air mail started with aircraft in Germany.

airport

Opened in 1936, Frankfurt am Main Airport is Germany's largest commercial airport and Europe's fourth largest airport. The Frankfurt airport is the number one airport in Europe in terms of freight traffic. In 2018, 69.5 million passengers and 2.1 million tons of freight were carried.

Frankfurt-Hahn airport, which was founded in 1993 from a former military base, is also named after Frankfurt, although it is located about 120 kilometers west of the city in Lautzenhausen (Rhineland-Palatinate). It is served mainly by low-cost airlines and carried around 2 million passengers in 2018.

The Frankfurt-Egelsbach airfield is also located 17 kilometers south of Egelsbach, not in the Frankfurt metropolitan area. Two former airports in Frankfurt are now part of the Frankfurt Green Belt: The Rebstock airfield was used from 1912 to 1945, and the Maurice-Rose-Airfield was an American military airbase from 1951 to 1992.

Frankfurt Airport, Lufthansa home airport

Airport Terminal 1

The Squaire office and hotel building on the 3 motorway, which also houses the airport terminal

road

Frankfurt Cross

Frankfurt Main railway station

At the junction near the airport, the motorways A 5 (Hattenbacher Dreieck-Basel) and A 3 (Arnhem-Linz) intersect. With about 320,000 vehicles per day, it is the most frequently used motorway crossing in Germany.

Other motorways connected to Frankfurt are the A 66, which runs to the west to Wiesbaden and to Fulda in the east, the A 648, which is an important link to the exhibition grounds and the city center, and the A 661, which runs north-south from Oberursel to Egelsbach. The A 5 in the west, the A 661 in the northeast and the A 3 in the south surround Frankfurt as a ring road. This ring of motorways limits the the environmental zone.

The city's catchment area also includes federal roads B 3, B 8, B 40, B 43, B 44 and B 521.

There are 1145 kilometers of road in municipal property. With 715 cars per 1000 inhabitants, Frankfurt has the largest autobiographer of all German cities. Due to the numerous motorways of the city (partly as a federal highway, partly as federal or state roads that are similar to motorways), the city region is well accessible for motorized individual traffic.

The Cityring is a double ring road around the city center of Frankfurt along the Frankfurt pilgrims demoted between 1806 and 1812. The Inner Ring follows the former city wall from the 14th century. It is a one-way street in the west-east direction. The Outer Ring, also the Plant Ring, is essentially a one-way street in east-west direction. Its winding course marks the 17th century. in the 19th century. The theater tunnel and the Berlin road in East-West direction are used for transit traffic in the city center, as are the Kurt-Schumacher-Straße and the Konrad-Adenauer-Straße in North-South direction.

The outer ring road is the beginning of the 20th century. the ring of the avenue. It runs along the medieval Frankfurt Army at the border of the Freie Reichsstadt Frankfurt. A lot of trendy downroads start at the former city gates, including the Mainzer Landstraße, Bockenheimer Landstraße, Eschersheimer Landstraße, Friedberger Landstraße, Hanauer Landstraße and Darmstädter Landstraße. Frankfurt's longest road is the Homburger Landstraße, which starts at the Friedberger Wait, and the main road to and from the north before the construction of the A 661.

With the liberalization of long-distance bus transport in Germany at the beginning of 2013, traffic at stops south of the main railway station increased significantly. The city of Frankfurt therefore had the Frankfurt Main bus station, which was completed in 2019, built in a former large parking lot in the area of Mannheimer Strasse, Stuttgarter Strasse and Pforzheimer Strasse, with 14 bus stops and a customer center for a bus company. Another bus stop is at the airport, Terminal 2.

rail

Opened in 1839, the Taunus Railway to Wiesbaden was one of the first railway lines in Germany. In 1880, the main railway station replaced the three former western railway stations. It is one of the busiest passenger railway stations in Europe. German Rail describes him as the most important hub in rail traffic in Germany. With 13 lines, it is the most important hub in the national ICE network.

With about 450,000 passengers and visitors a day, he ranks first in Germany together with the Munich Central Station and Hamburg Central Station. It is one of the largest railway stations in Europe, along with Leipzig Central Station and Zurich Central Station. Frankfurt's longest train was the Basel-Moscow train that was closed in 2013. Since 2002, the new ICE line to Cologne has been in operation, which reduces the journey time between the two cities to 75 minutes. There is also a high-speed rail link to Paris as part of the Rhealys project. Passengers can travel in less than four hours between Frankfurt Central Station and the Gare de l’Est in Paris.

With the airport railway station there is another station of outstanding importance in the city area, especially in the high-speed network. Along with the Südbahnhof (Southern Station), it provides relief for the main station operating at the capacity limit. The main train station in Frankfurt am Main is Germany's busiest railway hub with 570 train movements on the day.

The importance of rail freight has declined considerably: In 1996, the German Railways abandoned the main freight station in the Gallus. Its 70 hectares are now partly used by the neighboring Frankfurt fair; The new European neighborhood will also be built on the site. The Ostbahnhof (East Station) is now only a smaller yard.

Frankfurt (Main) Central Station

TGV at main station

Frankfurt (Main) South Station

public transport

The main public transport service (public transport) from Frankfurt to the region is the Rhine-Main S-Bahn. From nine S-Bahn lines, eight of the seven-stop city tunnels pass through the city center. In 1968, the Frankfurt Metro became the "third metro in Germany to Berlin and Hamburg, and as the 35th metro in Germany. metro of the world". The Frankfurt Metro meets the criteria of a city railway with different standards of extension of tunnels in the city center and above-ground lines in the outside world. With 9 lines on three main lines today, it is the most important urban transport operation, ahead of the city tram, city buses and several suburban and regional trains. At the stations Hauptbahnhof, Hauptwache, Konstablerwache and Südbahnhof S- and U-Bahn form common underground high-speed railway nodes.

The largest transport company in the city is the Frankfurt (VGF) transport company. The local local public transport company refiniQ is responsible for the coordination and ordering of the local transport services. It is a partner of the Rhine-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV), which is responsible for regional transport and a uniform tariff system.

In 1994, the 3.8 km long fully-automatic SkyLine high-speed train was built at Frankfurt Airport. It connects the two terminals and is to be extended by a new connection between the railway station and future terminal 3.

local network

Rhine-Main S-Bahn

subway

special line Ebbelwei Express

inland waterway

The history of Frankfurt is closely linked to the importance of Main and Rhine for trade. In ancient times, the Romans Main and Nidda used to transport between Civitas Taunensium and Moguntiacum. The oldest port in the city is the Mainkai. In the Middle Ages, traffic began to turn 12. A daily market ship between Frankfurt and Mainz, starting in 1602, also several times a week between Frankfurt and Hanau. The construction of the railways drastically reduced traffic on the Main river, also due to its increasing dispatch. From 1883 to 1886 the lower course of the maize was channeled with five dams and made navigable for large cows up to 1000 tons deadweight all year round. Since then, Frankfurt has been connected via the Rhine with the industrial regions of the Rhine and Ruhr and the North Sea ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp. On the still undusty section above Frankfurt, the chain shipping on the Main was operated from 1886 to 1936. Since 1962, the river Main has been navigable upstream to Bamberg. Since 1992, Frankfurt has been connected to the Danube and southeast Central Europe via the Main-Danube Canal. The Main is a Vb federal waterway and can be navigated for barges up to 185 meters long.

Freight handling in the ports of Frankfurt has been falling for a long time due to the decline in bulk goods such as coal, gravel and scrap. The Hoechst Harbor was closed in 1982 and the Westhafen Harbor was transformed into a residential and office quarters in 1993 to 2004. Today the eastern port, the river port Gutleutstraße and the port of the industrial park Höchst are still in operation.

Former port, now a residential area

eastern port

eastern port

Electronic communications

Frankfurt is also an important location for the Internet. Among other things, the largest German internet node DE-CIX and DENIC, the domain registration office for the top-level domain "de", are located here. DE-CIX is the world's number one in terms of total average traffic.

hospitals

There are 16 hospitals in Frankfurt/Main with approximately 6000 beds for hospital treatment. The oldest are the Hospital to the Holy Spirit, which was first documented in 1267 and initially only hosted strangers, pilgrims, servants and the destitute, and the 'Bürgerhospital', founded in 1771, which also treated Frankfurt citizens for the first time. In 1835 Johann Theobald Christ decreed in a testamentary way that his assets were used to build a pediatric hospital and a maternity hospital. Louise von Rothschild founded the Clementine Kinderhospital in 1873 to commemorate her 20-year-old daughter. In 1974, it merged with the Christian Foundation for the Clementine Kinderhospital Dr. Christ’schen Foundation.

Founded in 1914, the university hospital is the largest hospital in Frankfurt. The only hospital in the city is the Hoechst Hospital. Several large hospitals have emerged from diaconic institutions of the Protestant and Catholic churches. The Frankfurt Diakonie Hospitals with the Markus Hospital in Bockenheim and the Bethanien Hospital in Bornheim have been run by the Frankfurt based Agaplesion AG since 2002. The hospital of Sachsenhausen was founded in 1895 by Carl von Noorden and Eduard Lampé to provide care for diabetics. Since 1932 it has been sponsored by the German Community Diaconies Association.

The St. Elisabethen Hospital in Bockenheim belongs to the Dernbacher Group Katharina Kasper, the St. Katharine Hospital in Bornheim is an institution of the Catherine sisters. The Collective Accident Hospital in Seckbach, opened in 1962, is a traumatological focal point for the Rhine-Main area and the location of the Christoph 2 rescue helicopter. The Maingau Hospitals in the Northrend and the Red Cross in the East end are founders of the sister community to the Red Cross.

A hospital was necessary in the north of Frankfurt with the construction of the northwest city and its surroundings. To this end, the Hospital Foundation built the Northwest Hospital in Praunheim in 1963.

beginning of the 21st There were still about 7500 hospital beds in Frankfurt. The health-care reform has since reduced capacity by one-fifth. In addition, several hospitals have been closed or transformed into day clinics, medical care centers or care centers for the elderly, including the brotherhood in Ostend, the Mühlberg hospital in Sachsenhausen, the Diakonissen Hospital and the St. Mary's Hospital in Northrend.

energy

Skyline from Frankfurt am Main with overhead contact line (380/220 kV) - View from the Taunusblick service

In 1828 Johann Friedrich Knoblauch and Johann Georg Remigius Schiele founded the Frankfurt Gasanstalt in the Mainz Landstraße. The raw material used for the production of fluorescent gas was first colza oil, from 1829 onwards American resin, from 1855 onwards wood. In 1844, the Imperial Continental Gas Association, which had until now been the licensor of the Frankfurt Gasanstalt, obtained a license for its own gas plant in Ostend, which uses coal as a raw material. The English gas company supplied the inner city and Sachsenhausen, the gas station the outer city. In 1863, their plant was moved to the Gutleutstrasse and converted to coal as a raw material. It was not until 1909 that both companies merged. In 1910, Peter Behrens established the East gas plant as one of the first projects in the construction of the eastern port. With the conversion of the gas supply to natural gas, the gas plant and the coke plant were shut down in 1969 and the gas ometer was demolished.

After the success of the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in 1891, the City of Frankfurt decided to build a central power supply with single-phase alternating current. In 1894, the Electro Centralanstalt in the Gutleutstraße was one of the first heating power plants in Germany to operate. In 1926, the city began operating on the island and joined the rotating current network of the Prussian power plant Oberweser AG. The districts in the west of Frankfurt, which were established in 1928, were already part of the main power stations in Hoechst, so the supply networks of Mainova and Süwag and the transmission networks of Tennet TSO and Amprion are still meeting in Frankfurt. Tennet TSO operates the substations Frankfurt-Nord for 220 kV at Berger Wait in Seckbach and Frankfurt-Südwest for 380 kV in Griesheim. The western districts and the industrial park Höchst are supplied via the Kelsterbach substation and the Kriftel substation of the Amprion.

From 1928 onwards, municipal power stations also generated district heating. After World War II, the construction of new power plants increased generation capacity. The waste heat plant Frankfurt and the thermal power plant Niederrad were created for the heating of the north-west city and the office town of Niederrad. The Höchst industrial park is supplied by its own heating power plant. In 1998, Stadtwerke Frankfurt/Main and Maingas AG merged to form Mainova.

street lighting

series gas light of the 1950s

In the Middle Ages and early modern times the streets were illuminated only exceptionally. It was only when there was an external and internal threat from enemies, riots or fires, and when there were large festivals, such as imperial crowns, that torches or lanterns were lit and attached to the house's façades. There were first attempts at permanent street lighting in the 17th century. But there was no strong public interest. Only when Frankfurt was under French occupation during the seven-year war did King Count Thororc have permanent, rapeseed-fired lanterns installed on some crossings in 1761 and 1762. Despite their low intensity, they have led to a significant improvement in road safety and a reduction in night street crime. Until 1783 there were already 604 lanterns in Frankfurt and Sachsenhausen. The high costs necessitated the introduction of a new indirect tax, light money. In order to save costs, the night burning time was determined by season and moon phases.

In 1828 the construction of the first gas station also made it possible to introduce gas lighting, but initially only on a private initiative. In October 1845, the English gas company provided 670 gas lanterns for the public lighting of the city center. By 1886, the number of gas luminaires rose to more than 4,000. From 1880 onwards, experiments with electric street lighting began.

beginning of the 21st With approximately 60,000 electric street lamps and about 5,500 gas lamps to Berlin and Düsseldorf, Frankfurt had the highest stock in Germany. Due to the high operating costs and the difficult supply of spare parts, the Municipal Assembly decided in 2014 to replace the remaining gas lamps with LED lights within ten years. Some 1400 lamps will be converted to maintain their appearance.

water supply

In addition to surface waters and private wells in houses and farms, the 13th 16th century public wells on alleyways and squares of the water supply. Each well has a well role, a list of all the neighbors of the well who were allowed to use the well and were dependent on it, as well as the annual fees to be paid (fountain money). Up to the present time, the fountains had sufficient groundwater inflow. In 1607, the first water pipeline was built from the Friedberg field in what is now Northrend to the Friedberg Gate to supply water to the approximately 30 public fountains. In the 18th and early 19th In the 19th century, most draw wells were gradually replaced by more effective pump wells. They were safer and more hygienic - there were repeated contamination from animal carcasses and accidents with water-producing children at the drawing fountains - and had a higher conveying capacity of up to 40 liters per minute. This facilitated fire-fighting, to which all citizens were obliged in an emergency. Well from this time with the typical red Mainsandstein fountain column, iron waist and sandstone pools are still often found in the city area.

19. In the 19th century, rapid population growth and the increasing demands of drinking water hygiene required a steady expansion of the water supply. Since 1834 a second water pipeline from the garlic field in the north end ran into the town, and since 1859 a third water pipeline from the Seehofquelle in Sachsenhausen. From 1859 onwards, a pumping station at the Old Bridge supplied the Sachsenhäuser Gärtner with casting water from the river Main. In 1873, the first pipeline from the Vogelsberg to the new high reservoir in the water park at the Friedberger Landstraße went into operation. From there, the water was fed into the urban drinking water system, to which more and more households were connected. In 1876, water sources in Spessart were connected to the pipeline. Between 1884 and 1955, several water works were also built in the Stadtwald in Frankfurt.

Today, approximately 17 percent of Frankfurt's drinking water is extracted in the city area, and 36 percent is from the Hessian Ried. Almost half of the water comes from the Vogelsberg mountain, the Spessart and the Kinzigtal valley. The approximately 145 municipal wells in the urban area no longer function for water supply. They are often listed as monuments.

Ziehbrunn at Saxony's Houses

Lion fountain in the passageway, classic pump fountain

Hinkelstein Waterworks in the Stadtwald

Old high - tank in Rödelheim

pumping station in the water park, end point of the pipeline from Vogelsberg

sewer

The origins of the Frankfurt sewerage system lie in the natural waters - former altar arms of the Main and small streams - as well as in the wet ditches of the dam wall in the area of the old town. From the middle of the 12th In the 19th century, they gradually overturned them with brick walls and used them as sewers. The main canal was along the current Stock Exchange, Holzgraben, Kleiner und Großer Hirschgraben. Braubach, which was landed in the Middle Ages, was also channeled from 1468 and used to drain the old town. In addition to these circular main channels, up to 23 collecting channels, called dives, were gradually installed at right angles to the bank of the river and poured into the river. Due to their small differences, the most unfastened sole and the changing cross section, they tended to permanent mud and constipation. The houses adjacent to a dive had the right of the sea and were allowed to discharge feces and sewage. Houses without direct access to a dive had to collect their feces in underground leacherings and have them run off regularly.

end of 18. It was recognized that the dives, as permanent hotspots of infection, endangered public health and also polluted the groundwater from which the city wells sourced part of their water. In 1809, the construction statute of the mayor Johann Georg Christian Hess prohibited the discharge of waste water into the dikes. Each house should have a built-in exit pit in future. With population growth, this system came to pass during the 19th century. It's at its limits. In 1854, an expert committee developed the first plans for the construction of a modern sewer system based on the model of Hamburg, but the construction work began only in 1867 after the Prussian annexation. Under the direction of the engineer William Lindley and his son William Heerlein Lindley, a 237-kilometer-long canal network was built in 1899 and is still operating today. The main channels in Frankfurt and Sachsenhausen were about four to five meters below the street level with slight slopes parallel to the Main, the side channels in the right angle and with greater gradient. The network was separated on both sides into a upper and a lower system. While the upper flood was completely above the highest assumed moat flood, the lower system's forerunners did not pass until west of the Lower Bicycle Bridge, where the flood level was 2.80 meters below that of the Old Bridge. The entire network was therefore without a lift, except for a particularly low part of the old town.

After only a few years, the coastal mainland has been complaining about the unacceptable pollution of the river caused by the urban waste water discharged. There was no place for a discharge in Rieselfelder, so the city decided to build a mechanical sewage treatment plant based on an English model. Built between 1883 and 1887 on the Lower Bicycle shore under Lindley’s management, the Niederrad sewage plant was the first of its kind in Germany. Every day it could clean 18,000 cubic meters of waste water. From 1902 to 1904 the plant was extended to 45,000 cubic meters per day. The annual cost of wastewater treatment in 1910 was about 40 pfennigs per inhabitant. In 1956 to 1965 a new wastewater treatment plant was built in the Netherlands and a biological treatment stage was added. The old building, which is listed as a historical monument, is still used for rainwater treatment. Another plant for the purification of waste water from the western districts was built in Sindlingen in the early 1960s. Both plants were modernized in 1985/86 and a drainage and incineration plant for the sewage sludge was built in Sindlingen. The two Frankfurt sewage treatment plants are designed for a capacity of about 2 million population equivalents. About 340,000 inhabitants of surrounding municipalities from Offenbach to Hattersheim and from Königstein to Kelsterbach are connected to the Frankfurt sewage treatment plants.

The sewer network is about 1,600 kilometers long and, in dry weather, transports about 300,000 cubic meters of waste water per day. The canal network and the sewage treatment plants are among the largest assets in the city, with a book value of approximately EUR 345 million and EUR 194 million respectively.

waste disposal

Until the middle of the 19th century, homeowners in Frankfurt were responsible for the removal of the house law. In 1855, the city granted to several farmers and hauliers a license to collect waste and clean the streets and squares of the city for an annual fee of 1500 guilders. In 1873, the city had to take over the waste collection on its own initiative because the waste was not recovered enough for the concessionaires. The municipal waste collection collected and sorted the waste, sold the fertilizer components to agricultural holdings and deposited the residues at the designated terminals at the outskirts of the town. By 1900, the annual volume of waste was 75,000 cubic meters; By 1912, it had climbed to more than 120,000 cubic meters. In addition, some 75,000 cubic meters of sewage sludge were produced annually at the Niederrad sewage plant.

The landfills not only claimed valuable land, but also caused more and more complaints about odor nuisance. In 1902, the city decided to build a waste incinerator, which was an English model. The new plant was built next to the waste water treatment plant in Niederrad and started operation in 1909. It was designed for a capacity of 100 tons of household waste and 50 tons of semi-drained sewage sludge per day, which burned at temperatures of 800 to 1200 degrees Celsius. The hot flue gases were used to dry the sludge and to produce steam. Two turbo-generators of 360 kW power each were powered by steam.

After World War I, the heating value of the household waste generated in Frankfurt fell dramatically and the plant had to be shut down by 1920. Since then, Frankfurt's household waste has been stored in an open landfill in the Frankfurt City Forest near the city border with Offenbach. This landfill was known in Frankfurt as Monte Scherbelino. It remained in operation until 1968 and absorbed a total of more than 12 million cubic meters of waste. Since then, the Frankfurt household waste has been disposed of in 1968 and has since been modernized and expanded several times. Since 2010, it has been able to heat more than 525,000 tons of household waste per year, supplying more than 30,000 households with district heating and generating up to 49 megawatts of electricity.

Since 1957, the Deutsche Bundesbank has had its head office in Frankfurt, as it had previously had the bank of German Länder, which existed between 1948 and 1957. Since 1998, the European Central Bank, responsible for the monetary policy of the nineteen EU countries in the eurozone, has been based here. Since 2004, Frankfurt has been the seat of the European Insurance Supervision Authority (from 2004 to 2011), CEIOPS, since EIOPA, and since the end of 2014 the central European banking supervisor. In addition, KfW and the German International Finance Corporation Office (as part of the World Bank Group) are located here. The Federal Authorities based in Frankfurt are the Federal Institute of Financial Services Supervisory Authority, the Federal Institute for Financial Market Stabilization and the Federal Office for Cartography and Geodesy. The Federal Office of Economic Affairs and Export Control is located in the suburb of Eschborn. A number of authorities, including the Federal Court of Auditors, moved to Bonn as a result of the Berlin/Bonn law.

The German Library was founded in Frankfurt in 1946, today a site of the German National Library. The courts are represented by the Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt am Main, the Hesse State Labor Court, the Regional Court of Frankfurt am Main, the Social Court Frankfurt am Main, the Labor Court Frankfurt am Main, the Administrative Court Frankfurt am Main and the District Court Frankfurt am Main. Until the end of 2003 Frankfurt was also the seat of the Federal disciplinary court.

The Frankfurt am Main Police Bureau is one of the seven Hessian police presidencies. Local security and law and order tasks are assigned to the Frankfurt am Main City Police (Auxiliary Police in accordance with § 99 HSOG). Frankfurt is the seat of the Hesse Higher Finance Directorate. There is also a Hessian Office for Social Security in Frankfurt. The Frankfurt Fire Service was founded in 1874 and operates 12 fire guards and 28 volunteer fire guards.

Frankfurt is also home to 108 consulates. Only New York has more foreign representations without being the capital of any state. The American Consulate General in Northrend is the largest diplomatic representation in Frankfurt and the largest consulate in the United States of America in the world, with more than a thousand staff.

New construction of the European Central Bank

Central Bank

Westhafen Tower, seat of EIOPA

seat of KfW

American Consulate General in Frankfurt

Newspapers, publishers and other publications

Former seat of the Frankfurter Rundschau in Sachsenhausen

Frankfurt, one of the oldest newspaper cities in the world, is home to two national daily newspapers. The liberal-conservative Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung maintains editorial and publishing house at the Mainzer Landstraße in the Gallus. The left - liberal Frankfurter Rundschau has both since July 2005 in Sachsenhausen. In addition, the Börsen-Zeitung and the Handelsblatt are published in Frankfurt. An established local newspaper with a large regional editorial is the Frankfurt Neue Presse, a publishing house of the Frankfurt Society in close proximity to the F.A.Z. In Frankfurt, the Russian-language weekly MK-Germany is published as a daughter of the Russian daily Moskovsky Komsomolez.

In addition to the daily newspapers, there are some reputative magazines in the Frankfurt region. The city magazine Journal Frankfurt has been published since 1990. The editorial office is located in the Gallus near the main railway station. The Öko-Test Verlag in Bockenheim specializes in "ecological magazines", including the test magazine of the same name. The editor of the Satire magazine Titanic is also in Bockenheim. The leading specialist journals in Germany for works councils (labor law in operation) and for staff councils (The Staff Council) are published by the Federal Publishing House, which has been based in the Heddernheim district of Frankfurt since 1997.

Frankfurt am Main has a long history as an important publishing location for books. Soon after the invention of book printing, the Frankfurt trade fair became an important trading and transshipment center for books. In 1511, Beatus Murner set up the first printing house in Frankfurt in the Barfüßerkloster. In 1530 Christian Egenolff became the first book printer in the city. Frankfurt remained the most important trade fair and publishing venue for books in Germany until the late 17th century. The censorship of the Imperial Books Commission had many publishers and printers relocated to Leipzig. It was only after the Second World War that the tradition of the Frankfurt Book Fair was revived. From 1949 to 2012, the Association of German Book Traders was based in the Great Hirschgraben next to the Goethe House. The building complex was demolished in 2015 and the area becomes the site of the German Romantic Museum. The Stock Exchange Association has its new headquarters in Braubachstraße. In 2012, Suhrkamp Verlag, formerly linked to the city, moved to Berlin.

Radio, film and television

Frankfurt's oldest radio station was the private Südwestdeutscher Rundfunkdienst AG, founded in 1924. Today, the successor company, Hessische Rundfunk (public service broadcasting) with its "Funkhaus am Dornbusch", is one of the most important institutions for radio and television. Here are also the ARD star points, which distribute the Community programs (for example, The First) to the individual broadcasters via a high-performance network. The US-based AFN Soldier Group also had its headquarters in Frankfurt in August 1945. As part of the troop reduction, however, the AFN location in Frankfurt was also abandoned: Since October 2004, the American Forces Network has been broadcasting its European program from Mannheim. The US media company Bloomberg TV has its German studio in the Neue Mainzer Straße in Frankfurt city center. In addition, there is the regional studio of the RTL Group. Even pure radio stations broadcast from Frankfurt, such as Antenna Frankfurt, which now use the frequencies from the former radio station Energy Rhine-Main. Another private but non-commercial radio station is Radio X. His studio is not far from Leipziger Strasse. The oldest and largest private radio station in the region, Hit Radio FFH, was founded in Frankfurt in 1989. Since 2001 he has been based in the bordering city of Bad Vilbel. Furthermore, the broadcasting center of the youth and music channel IM1-TV is located in Frankfurt. In the Darmstädter Landstraße you will find the German headquarters of the home entertainment and cinema company 20th Century Fox. The German cinema department of Universal Pictures is also located in Frankfurt. Radio Bob has a marketing office in Frankfurt in parts of the rooms of the Frankfurter Rundschau.

The news agencies Reuters Deutschland (in the exhibition tower) and Associated Press Germany are also based in Frankfurt. In addition, the image center of the German Press Agency is located in Frankfurt. The Merton Quarter is the seat of the joint work of the Protestant Journalism with the news agency Evangelical Press Service and the Protestant magazine Chrismon.

libraries

Frankfurt has some of the largest libraries in Germany. The German National Library is the central archive library for all media works in German and the national bibliographic center of Germany. Its headquarters were established from the German Library, which existed from 1947 to 1990. The university library Johann Christian Senckenberg, founded in 2005, unites the collections of numerous urban and scientific libraries, including the city library dating back to the 15th century, the Senckenbergbibliothek, founded in 1763, and the Carl von Rothschild’s public library, founded in 1887. The library information system HeBIS is also located at the university library.

The city library Frankfurt am Main contains the municipal libraries of Frankfurt. It was founded in 1845 as an association for the dissemination of useful folk and youth magazines and the Free Library and Reading Hall founded in 1894. Today, the City Library includes three central libraries, four library centers, a travel library with more than 30 stops and 12 districts libraries. The City Library also coordinates 111 school libraries in the city area. Since 2009, there are 24-hour public bookshelves in many districts, allowing free exchange, lending and gift of literature.

Max Planck Institute for Biophysics at the Riedberg campus of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University

universities

Frankfurt am Main is home to two universities, two art colleges and several universities of applied sciences. The most well-known and oldest university in the city is the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University founded in 1914 with its four headquarters in Bockenheim, Westend, Riedberg and University Hospital Niederrad.

Founded in 1971 by various predecessor institutions, the Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main - since 2014 Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences - offers more than 50 courses in applied engineering and economics, social sciences and health. All areas of expertise are located on the Nibelungs Square / Kleiststraße in the North End.

The Philosophical-Theological College of St George is the oldest private university in Frankfurt. It was founded in 1926 by the German province of the Jesuits and has its seat in the district of Sachsenhausen. There are also several private universities in Frankfurt. The Frankfurt School of Finance & Management was founded at the Bank Academy and the University of Banking Economics and is located with its campus in the Nordend of Frankfurt. Since 2001, the FOM University of Economics & Management (FOM) has been operating a study center in Westend. The Provadis School of International Management and Technology was founded in 2003 and is located in the industrial park Höchst. Since 2007, the International School of Management has a place of study in Sachsenhausen.

In the artistic field, Frankfurt has the State School of Fine Arts - Stadtschule, founded in 1817 by Johann Friedrich Städel, which later became the city’s property and was raised to the State School of Fine Arts in 1942. The other well-known art school is the Hochschule für Musik und Performing Arts, which was founded in 1878 by the private foundation Dr. Hoch’s Conservatorium - Musikakademie.

general education

The foundation of the Frankfurt school system is the Urban School Development Plan, the current 2018-2024 update of which was adopted by the Magistrat in May 2020. In 2018-19, 149 public-sector schools were run by almost 70,000 pupils. Due to the strong population growth, it is expected that by 2024 the number of students will rise by about 6% to 74,000, mainly in high schools and integrated schools.

The old-language Lessing Gymnasium and the Goethe Gymnasium both originate from the municipal Latin school founded in 1520 for the education of the sons. The Heinrich-von-Gagern-Gymnasium was founded in 1888 under the name of Kaiser-Friedrichs-Gymnasium to relieve the urban Lessing Gymnasium. Other municipal high schools such as the Model School founded in 1803 and the Wöhlerschule were also founded on initiatives of Frankfurt citizens. The oldest high school in Hoechst is the Leibniz School, which was founded in 1817. Opened in 2009, the Riedberg Gymnasium was the first new school to be established since 1914. In 2017, a high school at the Riedberg University moved to Bockenheim. In the medium term, it will be based in the Gallus district. Founded in 2015 and initially provisionally housed in Hoechst, the Adorno Gymnasium moved into a new provisional location on the University campus Westend in 2019. In the long term it will be located at the Miquelallee/Eschersheimer Landstraße. Further new start-ups in recent years were the Gymnasium Nord in Westhausen and the Gymnasium Römerhof in Bockenheim, which began operations in the 2018/19 school year. In total, the school development plan provides for the construction of 11 additional schools by 2024, including eight primary schools, a six-speed high school in the south of Frankfurt, an integrated comprehensive school and a cooperative comprehensive school.

In addition to the 19 municipal high schools, there are 12 private-sponsored high schools and a European school. From its foundation in 1804 until the Nazi closure in 1942, the philanthropist was the longest-standing Jewish school in Germany, with at times 1000 students. The building today houses the I. E. Lichtigfeld School of the Jewish community Frankfurt.

Frankfurt has 15 integrated municipal schools, three total cooperative schools, 14 secondary schools and nine main schools. The Ernst-Reuter-Schule, founded in the early 1960s, is one of the first integrated comprehensive schools, the Hessenkolleg Frankfurt, one of the oldest institutions of the second education course in Hesse. Founded in 1969, the Otto-Hahn school in Nieder-Eschbach, a cooperative comprehensive school, is one of the largest schools in the city, with over 1,300 students.

vocational schools

Among the 26 secondary vocational schools in Frankfurt, there are 16 in urban schools and 10 in private schools. These include the Mediacampus Frankfurt of the German Book Trading Association and the Academy of Visual Arts.

Other education and research institutions

The Max Planck Institute for European History (MPIER), biophysics and brain research also exist in the city. The city of Frankfurt is also a "member of the Max Planck Society". The Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies is closely connected with the University, a multidisciplinary institution sponsored by numerous institutions and private companies for basic theoretical research in physics, chemistry, biology, neurology and computer science.

The Leibniz Institute for Education Research and Educational Information (DIPF), based in Bockenheim, is a research and service facility in the field of education research. DIPF’s tasks include the design, development and evaluation of all questionnaires to be used at PISA 2015. DIPF is also responsible for the biennial National Education Report "Education in Germany".

The Frankfurt Volkshochschule (Volkshochschule) is organized as the own business of the city of Frankfurt and has its headquarters in Frankfurt’s Ostend.

The Catholics of Adult Education - Hesse Association of Labor, Limburg University of Diocesan Education, and the educational establishments Frankfurt, Main-Taunus and Hochtaunus have their headquarters in the House am Dom.

The Evangelical Academy Frankfurt, which was founded in 2012 by a merger of the Evangelical City Academy Römer9 and the Evangelical Academy Arnoldshain, is located opposite the Historical Museum on the Römerberg.

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I.G. Colors House on the Westend campus of Goethe University

Honorary citizen Otto Hahn (1959)

• Honorary citizenship (highest urban award, see list of honorary citizens of Frankfurt am Main)
• Entry in the Golden Book of the City of Frankfurt am Main
• Honorary plaque of the city of Frankfurt am Main (since 1952, awarded annually to up to five persons)
• Award of the City of Frankfurt am Main (annual award of up to five people since 2002)
• Frankfurt founding prize (since 2001)
• Goetheplakette of the City of Frankfurt am Main (annually since 1947 with personalities from the cultural world)
• Goethepreis der Stadt Frankfurt am Main (since 1927, initially annually, now every three years on Goethe's birthday, 50,000 euros)
• Ignatz Bubis Prize (every three years since 2001)
• Integration Prize of the City of Frankfurt am Main (annual amount of persons or institutions, 15.000 Euro)
• International Higher Education Award (EUR 50,000 annually financed by Deka Bank)
• Max Beckmann Prize (every three years for a birthday, to promote and recognize outstanding achievements in the fields of painting, graphic design, sculpture and architecture - 50.000 Euro)
• Otto Hahn Prize (every two years for outstanding achievements in chemistry, physics or applied engineering, 50,000 euros)
• Roman plaque of the city of Frankfurt am Main (for volunteers, three-stage: 10, 15 and 20 years)
• Sports badge (for title winners and volunteers in this field)
• Theodor W. Adorno Prize (every three years since 1977, for outstanding achievements in the fields of philosophy, music, theater and film - 50.000 Euro)
• Tony Broadcasting Prize (every two years, for promoting equality, €10,000)
• Walter Moeller plaque (every two years, groups, citizens' initiatives, etc., EUR 10 000)
• Walter Kolb Memorial Prize (annual for outstanding dissertation, 2500 Euro)
• Johann-Philipp von Bethmann-Study Award (annual for outstanding projects in the study of Frankfurt’s city history)

old town

The Roman, Frankfurt City Hall

Four of the city’s most important sights are located close to each other in Frankfurt’s Old Town: Kaiserdom, Römerberg, Paulskirche and Goethe-Haus.

The Catholic Imperial Cathedral of St. Bartholomew, with its distinctive late Gothic western tower, was the place of choice and crowning of the German emperors. From the cathedral to the Roman, the market passed through which the crowning path of the newly crowned emperor led to the celebrations in the square in front of the town hall. In front of the cathedral there is an archeological garden with excavations of the oldest traces of the Roman and Carolingian times in Frankfurt. It was built within the framework of the Dom-Römer project with the Town House on the market to protect it from the weather. The multi-story houses on the market and around the chicken market give a good impression of the old town, with their overhangs and high steep roofs and gables. Among the new buildings are also 15 reconstructions of destroyed old town houses.

The Römerberg mountain is the central square of the Old Town with the Town Hall (Römer) from the 14th century. the early Gothic Old Nikolaikirche and the building on the eastern side of the square, reconstructed after war destruction. The title winnings of the regional clubs (Eintracht Frankfurt, Frankfurt Lions) as well as the football world championships will be celebrated together with the fans at the Römers town hall balcony.

The Paulskirche was built between 1789 and 1833 in place of the medieval Barfüßerkirche, which was demolished in 1786, and served until 1944 as the main evangelical church in Frankfurt. The National Assembly met in 1848/49 in the classicist round building of architect Johann Georg Christian Hess. Paulsplatz is a lively city square with street cafes.

The Neue Kräme lies between Römerberg and Liebfrauenberg. The 14th century castle was built in the 14th century. The house was built in 1770 by the Virgin Mary Church, the fountain of 1770 and the house Zum Paradies/Grimmvogel built in 1775, one of the few preserved baroque buildings in Frankfurt.

The "Kleinmarkthalle", a new building dating from 1954 after the war destruction in 1944, is the culinary center of the city. Over 150 market stands offer all types of food every working day. The Goethe House, the birthplace of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, is located in the Great Hirschgraben in the western part of the city. The Kornmarkt, today a quiet side street, was one of the main streets of the city in the Middle Ages.

In the east of the old town on the road there are still remnants of the medieval dam wall. Further east is the Jewish cemetery Battonnstraße, mentioned for the first time in 1180. In the plaster of the cemetery wall, small memorials with the names of 11,957 Jewish citizens of Frankfurt who were murdered during the Nazi era are embedded.

Goethe-Haus

Dom and Römerberg

Paulskirche

chicken market

Mainufer and Mainbridge

The two banks of the Main are increasingly becoming Frankfurt’s most attractive urban area. Projects such as the development of the Museumsufer, the redesign of the riverbank facilities, the construction of a new residential and commercial area in the former Frankfurt Westhafen or the architecturally demanding Mainbridges contribute to this. The Old Bridge (first documented in 1222) was the most important building in the city for centuries. Since 2006 the exhibition hall Portikus has been located on the Maininsel. The Iron Bridge, a pedestrian bridge opened in 1869, is one of the city's landmarks. The Saalhof and the Catholic Leonhardskirche at the northern bridge head are two monuments whose origins date back to the Staufzeit.

The view from one of the eastern Mainstadt bridges to the Old Town and Skyline is used in the media as an illustration for contributions from Frankfurt. In recent years two large beach clubs have been established in the east of the city center on the north and south bank of the river Mainufer. The Gerbermühle, a meeting point of Goethe with Marianne von Willemer, has entered the history of literature and is today a popular excursion venue.

The nature reserve Schwanheimer Düne is one of the few inland dunes in Europe and is located near the Main river in the west of Schwanheim. It covers 58.5 hectares and hosts many rare and endangered animal and plant species.

Main Bridge, View of the Main Tower

Museums at the Museumsufer in Sachsenhausen

iron pier

Dotation Church

A special feature of Frankfurt is the Dotation Church. Since 1802, the city has been the owner of all nine churches in the city center and the Three-royal Church in Sachsenhausen, and has had a state church contract since 1830. Four times a year, at the high festivals of the church year, the traditional city sound of Frankfurt takes place in the city churches.

church

Leonhardskirche

Old Nikolaikirche

three-royal church

Sachsenhausen

Swiss road (March 2011)

The first part of Sachsenhausen on the southern side of Mainseite mentioned in 1992 is also called Dribbdebach (dribbe = over the river) in Frankfurt, as opposed to the inner city of Hibbdebach (this side of the river). Since the Middle Ages, fishermen, agricultural workers and craftsmen have lived here, whose crude language and forms of behavior were proverbial. In the 18th and 19th In the 19th century, wealthy citizens were increasingly settling. Sachsenhäuser Altstadt became a popular nightlife and pub district. But the drop in visitors after the fall of American military sites made old Sachsenhausen a reality. Empty and decay have not been overlooked since then. However, there are still some traditional and sometimes very old apple wine pubs. The city has been trying for some time to bring the neighborhood back on track. The aim is to establish small shops and workshops in addition to pubs, in order to make the area more lively during the day.

The dominant building on the Sachsenhäuser Mainufer is the Three King Church, built between 1875 and 1881. Along the river Main are museums along the banks of the museum. Every other Saturday, one of the largest flea markets in Germany takes place here.

The old buildings in northern Sachsenhausen around Swiss Square are a popular residential area with a balanced mix of retail and gastronomy. In addition to renowned apple wine bars such as the Wagner and the painted house you will find modern cocktail bars.

Further south there are villas such as the Lerchesberg, which was founded in the 1960s. In the 1990s the district of Deutschherrnviertel was established on the former slaughterhouse site east of the Altstadt of Sachsenhäuser, which has now become a popular residential area. The landmark of the new neighborhood is the Main Plaza tower.

The Goetheturm in the Stadtwald (Stadtwald), one of the highest wooden structures in Germany, was burned in 2017 in Sachsenhäuser area, and the Henninger Tower, a former grain slogan and famous for the cycle race around the Henninger Tower and the rotating restaurant in the tower basket. Opened in 1961, the original Henninger tower was demolished in 2013 and replaced in 2014 by 2017 by a 140 meter high residential tower that resembles the original.

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German district in Sachsenhausen

Central station and railway district

Opened in 1888, the main railway station is one of the largest in Europe in terms of the number of long-distance trains and the number of passengers. The huge five-nave platform hall, the structure and roof of which have been completely restored, the stylish reception building and the immense tumult of underground and above ground facilities make up an impressive monument.

The Bahnhofsviertel is a melting pot of cultures. There you will find shops and restaurants of all kinds from the most diverse cultural districts. The train station district lives 24 hours a day, not only because of the red light environment, which stretches mainly around the Taunusstraße. The neighborhood can also be seen as a prime example of urban contrasts that an international transport hub entails. Bettlers, alcoholic and junkies are present in the area alongside the streams of employed professionals, as are bankers, international trade fair guests and day tourists. The Kaiserstrasse, which the visitor can see directly from the main entrance to the main station, is a city boulevard, where wealth and misery, multicultural retail, modern bank high-rise houses in the immediate vicinity to red-light businesses can be seen in green-current old buildings.

Luminale Central Station (2004)

Kaiserstraße in the Bahnhoviertel

red light district in the Bahnhofviertel district

skyscraper

Westend Gate (formerly Plaza Bureau Center, completed in 1976), at 159 meters altitude the first skyscrapers in Germany (i.e. (h) the first tower with more than 150 meters).

Chart of all high-rise buildings in Frankfurt from 100 meters (finished, under construction, in planning), as of May 2017.

Frankfurt is one of the few cities in Europe with a strong skyline and is therefore sometimes called Mainhattan - a reference to Manhattan in New York City. In particular, many high-rise buildings are located in the so-called banking district, where the western city center, the eastern train station district and the southern west end meet. The Mousonturm and the I.G. administration building are the oldest high-rise buildings in Frankfurt, built between 1923 and 1926. Colors, now the main building of the university. The first towers above 50 meters were built in the 1950s, and since the mid-1970s skyscrapers above 150 meters were built.

Since 1953, the construction planning in Frankfurt has also been concerned with the regulation of the building construction. In 1998, the first framework plan for the tower was drawn up, which was updated in 2008. He writes where and how high houses can be built. The aim is to arrange high-rise buildings in groups (pulks) in the banking district, the European quarter and the Mainz highway between Opernplatz and Place of the Republic, but individual exceptions were and are possible, such as the towers of the Palais Quartier in the city center or the new construction of the European Central Bank in the East End.

Since the 1950s, the height of the new buildings has been constantly increasing. Built in 1951, the junior house reached a height of 35 meters, while the AEG tower, which opened in 1953, was 45 meters high. In 1956, the Telecommunications tower at the Main Guard (69 meters) was the tallest building in the city. Similar heights were reached in the early 1960s at the InterContinental Frankfurt (67 m) and the Zurich House (68 m). With the exception of the junior house and the hotel, all these buildings have now been demolished and replaced by higher new buildings. In 1961, the Henninger Tower in Sachsenhausen was the first Frankfurt building that, with its height of 120 meters, overlooked the western tower of the imperial cathedral (95 meters). Further towers of the 1960s are available. a. the BHF bank tower (82 meters) and the Rhine Main Center (84 meters).

In 1972, the AfE Tower of Goethe University was the highest building in the city at 116 meters, and in 1974, the City-House I reached an altitude of 142 meters. The first skyscrapers were the 159 meter-high Plaza Office Center, which opened in 1976, and the 166 meter-high Silver Tower of the Dresdner Bank, built in 1978, was the highest building in Germany. With the Eurotower and the Helaba tower, the towers in the city center were consolidated. The buildings built in the 1980s did not exceed the previous heights. The most famous buildings from this period are the 155 m twin towers of Deutsche Bank, completed in 1984, which are also called debts and credits in the public.

In the 1990s, the second generation of high-rise buildings set new records: In 1991, the tower was the tallest building in Europe, with its height of 257 meters, and in 1997 the Commerzbank Tower reached 259 meters. Two other buildings also exceeded the 200m mark during this period: Westendstraße 1 and Main Tower. Today the Main Tower is the only tower in Frankfurt with a public viewing platform on the roof, and there is a restaurant in the 25th century. On the 22nd floor of the Japan Center and a bar on the 22nd floor. floor of the Eurotheum. During the skyscraper festival, which takes place at irregular intervals (last in June 2013), other towers are also open to the public.

21st In the 19th century, further towers were built in Frankfurt, including Tower 185, Opernturm, Skyper, Gallileo, Nextower and Westhafen Tower. In 2013 there are 14 buildings in Frankfurt with an altitude of over 150 m, including the ten highest buildings in Germany.

The Squaire building, located above the airport railway station, is 660 m long, 65 m wide and 45 m high. With a total area of 140,000 m² on nine floors, it is the largest office building in Germany. Since 1978, the highest building in the city has been the European Tower (called by the Frankfurt Ginnheimer asparagus), a telecommunications tower of Telekom, with an altitude of 337.5 m. The Europaturm has visitor areas, but these have been closed since 1999 due to lack of economic efficiency.

From 2015 onwards, rising real-estate demand, the UK's planned exit from the EU, and favorable economic development in Germany led to a new "boom" of high-rise buildings. In addition to the 185-meter-high new construction of the European Central Bank, high-rise projects such as the Omniturm, the Maintor area and the construction of the former Deutsche Bank area, with four tower blocks between 120 and 228 meters, represent this development. The new generation of Frankfurt’s high-rise buildings is often characterized by the combination of living, hotel and office space in one building. The 172-meter-high Grand Tower is Germany's highest residential tower.

At the Taunus, the density of the tower is particularly large (June 2014).

Skyline in Dawn (Feb 2018)

stumbling

Since 2003, stumbling blocks have also been laid in Frankfurt by artist Gunter Demnig for victims of Nazism. By May 2015, more than 1000 stones had been set in many districts.

museums and galleries

Senckenberg Natural Museum

The city offers a varied cultural program. This includes the unique museum landscape with more than 60 larger and smaller museums and exhibition houses, which are located mainly on both sides of the river Main. The Frankfurt Grüngürtel-Mainufer-Conception, designed by Till Behrens in 1968, was implemented by politics since the early 1980s and is still being pursued today.

The Museumsufer on the Sachsenhäuser Mainseite comprises well-known houses such as the Städel, Liebieghaus, the Museum of Communications (formerly: the German Museum of Architecture (DAM), the German Museum of Film, the Museum of World Cultures and the Museum of Applied Arts (formerly: museum). The Museum Riverside Festival is also held here every year.

At art museums and galleries you will find the Städel (Paintings), the Liebieghaus (Sculptures), the Museum of Modern Art (MMK), the Schirn Kunsthalle, the German Architecture Museum (DAM), the German Film Museum and the Museum of Applied Arts. The Ernst May Museum specializes in the design and architecture of Frankfurt in the 1920s.

Historical museums are the Historical Museum (city history) and the Jewish Museum; between art and historical museum stands the Archeological Museum in the Carmelite Monastery and the Dommuseum Frankfurt, which combines historical and contemporary art. The German Romantic Museum is to be built in the Great Hirschgraben next to the Goethe House until 2018.

Technology museums include the Museum of Communication, the Frankfurt light railway museum, the Traffic Museum Frankfurt am Main, the Experiminta, the Museum Railway of the Association Historische Railway Frankfurt and the Hochhut Technical Collection. In Northrend there is the EXPLORA, a museum of visual and other deceptions. Many anaglyph images, stereo pairs, SIRDs, holograms and other forms of visual perception can be tested there. At the moment this exhibition is closed for reasons of age, but a successor is being sought.

A scientific museum is the world-famous Senckenberg Nature Museum, where among other fossil finds from the World Heritage site Grube Messel, an ethnic museum that houses the Museum of World Cultures.

The art scene can be met in the Kunstverein Frankfurt, opposite the Schirn, the Stadtschule (State School of Fine Arts, Stadtschule), private art galleries and also in a number of alternative exhibition rooms. The galleries show art from old art through various special fields to the present. Among the alternative exhibition rooms, many are run by artists or young art scientists, among others. a. the exhibition hall in Sachsenhausen or the exhibition room EULENGASSE 65 in Bornheim.

The small town on the banks of the Museumsufer in Sachsenhausen

Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt in the old town

Frankfurt Kunstverein in Steinernhaus

Museum of Modern Art on the Braubachstraße

Opera, concert halls and stages

Old opera at Opera Square

Frankfurt has a lively theater scene. The city stages combine several branches under one roof: The Opera Frankfurt is a world-renowned hotel and has received the award of the Opera House of the Year several times (most recently in 2015). The show Frankfurt was especially talked about in the 1960s - through Harry Buckwitz - and in the 1970s and 1980s under the direction of Peter Palitzsch through his co-determination model. Two other branches of the city stages, the Ballett Frankfurt and the Theater am Turm (TAT), had to close in 2004, but since 2005 there has been a dance company as a private ensemble under the name The Forsythe Company.

The Old Opera, opened in 1881, was destroyed in the Second World War and reopened in 1981 as a concert hall. The Alte Oper has a very beautiful concert hall and today it has great significance as an important music center in Europe. Other well-known concert houses are the Century Hall in Unterliederbach, the Festhalle in Bockenheim and the broadcasting hall of Hessischer Rundfunk.

The comedy in Neue Mainzer Straße and the Fritz Rémond Theater in the Zoo-Gesellschaft are the two famous boulevard theaters of Frankfurt. Until the end of the 2012/13 season, the Volkstheater Frankfurt maintained not only classic mouthpieces but also oral workings of classics and contemporary dramas. A similar concept is followed by the flying folk stage of the actor Michael Quast. The English Theater is the largest English-speaking stage on the continent.

The largest and most renowned stage for modern art (performance, dance, etc. In Frankfurt, the Künstlerhaus Mousonturm is located in Northrend. The old-fashioned Gallus Theater in the former eagle works in the Gallus, the Landungsbrücken Frankfurt as a platform for modern speech theater in the Gutleutviertel district and the Frankfurt cellar theater are the venues for theater groups and open-air ensembles.

Free theaters with a permanent playground are the dramatic stage at the Café Exzess in Bockenheim, Michael Herls Stalburg Theater in Nordend, the Theater Willy Praml in the Naxoshalle in Ostend, the free play ensemble in Bockenheim, the Frankfurt author theater in the bread factory in Hausen and the Theater Alte Brücke in Sachsenhausen.

Johnny Klinkes Tigerpalast, the KÄS, Die Schmiere (since 1950 the self-appointed "worst theater in the world") have established himself in the Carmelite Monastery and the Neue Theater in the Hoechst district.

The Theaterhaus Frankfurt is home to numerous children’s theater ensembles, such as B. the "Grüne Soße" and, in addition to the children’s and youth theater center in the north-west city and the Papageno music theater in the Palmengarten, is a vibrant Frankfurt children’s and youth theater scene. From 1975 to 2005, a special children's theater was built with the Folklore Puppet Theater.

Urban stages: Frankfurt Opera and the show Frankfurt am Willy-Brandt Platz

The English Theater in the Gallileo Tower

The Comedy on New Mainzer Street

bread factory in house

musician

In Frankfurt, two major symphonic orchestras have their home, the Frankfurt Opera and Museum Orchestra of the city stages founded in 1808 and the hr Symphony Orchestra. The Ensemble Modern and the Junge Deutsche Philharmonie are also based in Frankfurt. Known choirs are the Cäcilienchor Frankfurt, the Frankfurt Singakademie and the Frankfurt Cantorei founded in 1818.

Also Tré Cool by Green Day, the Rapper Moses Pelham, Azad, Vega, the metal band Tankard, the hard rock band Bohse Onkelz, the techno DJs Sven Väth and Chris Liebing and the Eurodance group SNAP! come from Frankfurt. Similarly, Mark Spoon, who died in 2006, was a native of Frankfurt.

Since the end of the 2000s a new, thriving and highly successful German scene has developed in Frankfurt and Offenbach. Known representatives are the arrest warrant, the Duo Celo & Abdi, as well as Capo, SadiQ and Schwesta Ewa.

Frankfurt in the Film

The 1958 film The Girl Rosemarie deals with the life story of prostitutes Rosemarie Nitribitt, whose murder was a spectacular crime of the early Federal Republic. Frankfurt is one of the locations in the Elvis Presley-Film Café Europa (G. I. Blues) from 1960. In the song Frankfurt Special the city will be sung. In 1978 Rainer Werner Fassbinder shot the film In a year of 13 moons, which can also be seen as a personal account of the director with the city. The 1984 Thriller Downing takes place in a Frankfurt office building, and the outside photographs were shot in the Silver Tower. A scene of the 1999 film The Great Bagarozy plays on the holm pier. Matthias Schweighöfer's comedy What a Man from 2010 tells the story of a young Frankfurt teacher who will leave his girlfriend. In the labyrinth of silence (2014) plays in Frankfurt in the 1950s and discusses the history of the Auschwitz processes.

Many TV series are also playing in Frankfurt, including 68 episodes of crime, The Commissioner, One case for Two and the Succession One case for Two (2014), and several criminal films around Commissioner Marthaler, a character of the novel by Jan Seghers.

book fair

logo of the Frankfurt Book Fair

The Frankfurt Book Fair, which takes place in the 19th century, is not only an economic (as the largest book fair in the world) but also an important cultural event. Numerous accompanying events will take place during the annual trade fair in Frankfurt, culminating in the award of the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in the Paulskirche.

Frankfurt in Literature

Apart from chronicles and topographies, such as the Baldemar of Petterda from the first half of the 14th century. In the 19th century, early literary testimonies about Frankfurt are mostly travel descriptions, as the city attracted many strangers as a trade fair and financial center as well as a place of imperial conquests. In Shakespeare's businessman from Venice, Shylock complains in the third lift: A diamond away, costs me two thousand ducates to Frankfurt! Thomas Coryat described Frankfurt in detail in his travel report published in 1611, and thus was one of the founders of the Grand Tour. The tradition of these cavalieri trips also included the publication of travel experiences in book form. Known authors of the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 19th century of travel reports from Frankfurt Victor Hugo, Hector Berlioz, Mark Twain, for example Ricarda Huch and Rudolf G. Binding. It should also be noted that autobiographical writings, especially from my life. Poetry and truth, the autobiographical work of Goethe, in which he described in detail the city life at the time of his childhood and youth.

19. In the 19th century, the first Belleterian works were chosen as the scene in Frankfurt. In Johanna Spyris Heidi’s novel, the rich city of Frankfurt, with its bourgeois life dominated by conventions, was the antipole to the natural, simple life in the Swiss mountains. In Heinrich Heiner’s fragmentary narrative The Rabbi of Bacharach he describes the colorful activity in the city and in the lively Jewish alley. In 1840, Turgenews traveled to a confectionery shop in Frankfurt, where he was written in Baden-Baden in 1871. Other novels and narratives follow on from historical events that occurred in Frankfurt, such as the novel The Jewish by Karl Spindler. The narrative A drama in the air of Jules Verne followed a historical balloon ascent, the novel The Veil in the Main of Alexandre Dumas d.D. E. is a criminal history that plays at the time of the Prussian occupation of the Free City of Frankfurt. The case of Maurizius by Jakob Wassermann deals with a historical crime.

Also in the 19th In the 19th century, a series of dramatic works was created, mainly playing games of pleasure in Frankfurt and the surrounding area. The old captain and the Landscape to Königstein by Carl Malß, the King of Karl Gutzkov, an episode of Count François de Thoranc, the local Swank Alt-Frankfurt by Adolf Stoltze and the Rothschild, taken out of poetry and truth should be highlighted The five Frankfurters by Carl Rössler.

As part of the Frankfurt initiative, a book has been publicly read since 2010 in numerous events by a novel playing in Frankfurt. The books so far read were Kaiserhofstraße 12 of Valentin Senger, Abaffel of Wilhelm Genazino, streets of yesterday of Silvia Tennenbaum, Ginster of Siegfried Kracauer, The Vollidiots of Eckhard Henscheid, greetings and kisses to all. The story of the family of Anne Frank of Mirjam Pressler, Frankfurt prohibited by Dieter David Seuthe, Benjamin and his fathers of Herbert Heckmann, The Seventh Cross of Anna Seghers and Westend of Martin Mosebach. For 2020, the novel Rosemarie - The German Wonder's favorite child was selected by Erich Kuby.

The novels of the Frankfurt-Tetralogy of writer Martin Mosebach - The Bed, Westend, A Long Night and The Moon and the Girl - address in their main activities important stages from the post-war to the turn of the millennium and describe the changes in the bourgeois areas and its turn. inhabitants during the 20th century.

Frankfurt am Main is the scene of a series of current crime novels. Frank Demant had the life artist and former tram driver Simon Schweitzer identified in 12 novels of a series by 2018, especially in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen. In six novels by Udo Scheu, prosecutor Schultz, detective commissioner Schreiner and journalist Dennis Hauschild were at the center of the action. The writer Matthias Altenburg, under the pseudonym Jan Segher, published six novels about the commissioner Robert Marthaler.

dialect

The original form of Frankfurt's Stadtmundart is one of the Rhine-Franconian dialects. Until the 20th Frankfurt was a southern language island in the Hessian dialect. Until at least in the 1980s, it was possible to distinguish between older inhabitants from the original heartland or from the northern municipalities, for example. There are also numerous reports that the inhabitants of the old town could hear the voice of whether someone was from Bornheim or from Bockenheim.

As in many other major cities, Frankfurt's urban mundard has become mixed with the Upper German, owing mainly to population shifts following the complete destruction of Frankfurt's Old Town in World War II, with neighboring variants, and to the intensification of radio and television use since the 1950s, which has resulted in a regioleate that is often New Hessian or self-styled is referred to as RMV-Hessisch.

nightlife

The traditional Rockclub, the Batschkapp in Eschersheim, opened in 1976, has been located since the end of 2014 in the industrial area on the Gwinnerstraße. The Frankfurt jazz cellar has existed since 1952. Founded in 1972, the Sink Box lasted until 2011. A popular discotheque in the style of Studio 54 in New York was the Dorian Gray, run from 1978 to 2000. The King Kamehameha Club existed between 1999 and 2013 on a former brewery site on the Hanau Landstraße. The great temples of the Techno movement, the Omen, the U60311 in the city center and the Cocoon Club have been closed and changed.

Logo of Dorian Gray at the airport (1978-2000)

Batschkapp (photo 2014)

moon13 (formerly Cocoon Club) in Fechenheim

sport

Frankfurt am Main is home to many well-known sports clubs:

• Eintracht Frankfurt (Football Men, Bundesliga soccer)
• FSV Frankfurt (soccer men, regional league southwest)
• Rot-Weiss Frankfurt (Football Men, Association Hessen Süd)
• 1. FFC Frankfurt (soccer women, Bundesliga, until season 2020/21, since the women's soccer department of Eintracht Frankfurt)
• Fraport Skyliners (Basketball, Bundesliga)
• United Volleys Rhein-Main (Volleyball, Bundesliga)
• Löwen Frankfurt (ice hockey, DEL2)
• Frankfurt Universe (American Football, GFL)
• Frankfurt Pirates (American Football, Regional League Center)
• Touring municipality of Bornheim (Breitensport, the largest sports association in Hesse)
• FTG 1847 Frankfurt with over 98 sports offers
• TSG Nordwest 1898 Frankfurt/M. e. V.
• SC 1880 Frankfurt (hockey, rugby, tennis and lacrosse)
• Frankfurt Flyers (Trampolinsport, 1st Bundesliga)
• Frankfurt Rudergesellschaft Germania 1869 (one of the largest and oldest German rowing clubs)
• section Frankfurt am Main of the German Alpine Association (mountain sports and sports climbing), second largest (Alpine) sports club in Hessen after the section Darmstadt-Starkenburg

Major annual sporting events are:

• Frankfurt City Triathlon (August triathlon)
• Frankfurt Marathon (October city marathon)
• Around the financial center of Eschborn-Frankfurt (1961-2008: Around the Henninger Tower (Road Race)
• Ironman Germany (Triathlon)
• JPMorgan Chase Corporate Challenge
• Frankfurt City Half Marathon (March)
• Hesse dances (biggest dance tournament in the world)

The main sports centers of the city are

• The Commerzbank Arena (Bundesliga soccer), originally Waldstadion, under the name "FIFA World Cup stadium Frankfurt am Main" one of the locations of the 2006 World Cup and the 2011 Women’s Football World Cup
• The PSD Bank Arena on Bornheimer's slope (soccer regional league)
• The stadium at Brentanobad (football, Bundesliga women's)
• The Fraport Arena (basketball and volleyball federal league) is known until 2011 under the official name Ballsporthalle
• The ice sports hall Frankfurt (ice hockey - DEL2)

Frankfurt is also the seat of the most important German sports associations. a:

• German Olympic Sports Association (DOSB), ehem.
  • Deutscher Sportbund (DSB)
  • National Olympic Committee (NOK)
• German Football Federation (DFB)
• Deutscher Turner-Bund (DTB)
• German Motor Sport Confederation (DMSB)
• Deutscher Bandy-Bund (DBB)

Former sports facilities

• The Galopprennbahn Niederrad (horse racing)

Cycling race round the Henninger Tower (2005)

JPMorgan Chase Corporate Challenge (2007)

Triathlon Ironman Germany (2009)

Headquarters of DFB in Niederrad

long-distance cycle paths

Several cycle paths meet on the banks of the river Mainufer in Frankfurt: The Hessische Radfernweg R3 (Rhein-Main-Kinzig-Radweg) leads under the motto On the tracks of the late reader along the Rhine, Main and Kinzig via Fulda to Tann in the Rhön. The Main cycle path leads from the sources of the White and Red River Main to Mainz to the mouth of the Rhine. The D-Route 5 (Saar-Mosel-Main) is a cycle path over a distance of 1021 kilometers from Saarbrücken via Trier, Koblenz, Mainz, Frankfurt/Main, Wuerzburg and Bayreuth to the Czech border.

The E1 European long distance trail crosses the urban area from north-west to south. Coming from the Taunus, the path leads through the northwest city, the Niddatal Volkspark, the Grüneburgpark, the Westend, the Wallanlagen of the inner city, Sachsenhausen and the Stadtwald.

A branch of the German Jakobsweg (Jakobsweg) has been running from Fulda to the Main since 2010. This is based on the history of the Via Regia from Leipzig to Frankfurt am Main (Des Reiches Straße). It runs over 116 kilometers from Fulda to Frankfurt and is part of the European network of paths of the Jacobs to Santiago de Compostela. The section of Frankfurt runs past the Holy Cross Church (now the Meditation Church Center for Christian Meditation and Spirituality of the Bistum Limburg) via the Ostpark, the new building of the European Central Bank on the site of the former large market hall to the Mainufer to the Iron Steg, from there on the left-hand mainuferweg towards Mainz and then on to Trier.

Since 2017 Frankfurt has been a stage of the 1521 Lutherweg from Worms to Wartburg near Eisenach. Luther stayed twice in Frankfurt on his trip to the Reichstag to Worms on the way back and forth.

Regular events

Museum Rider Festival (2005)

The Museumsuferfest, which has been organized annually since 1988 in August, with its mixture of music and culture, is the largest popular festival in the Rhine-Main area. In 2007, about 3.5 million visitors arrived on three days.

On the Woodband Day, Tuesday to Pentecost, many visitors are moving to a popular festival in the Frankfurt City Forest. Until the 1990s, most of Frankfurt's shops closed in the afternoon on that day and the workers were free from 12 noon. This is why the Woodband Day was called the Frankfurt National Day in a joking way.

Another traditional folk festival is the Dippemess, which attracts around 2 million visitors twice a year for three weeks in spring and ten days in autumn. The Dippemess is the result of a traditional market for household goods of all kinds since the Middle Ages, in particular ceramic bowls (dippe).

The Frankfurt Christmas Market, first mentioned in a document in 1393, takes place annually in the Advent period. Today he is one of the big Christmas markets in Germany with around 3 million visitors. Over 200 stands stretch from Mainkai to Römerberg, Paulsplatz Neue Kräme, Liebfrauenberg to Zeil.

With more than 6000 active participants, more than 300,000 spectators and 1.5 kilometers of train length, the Fastnacht procession in Frankfurt is the largest carnival procession in Hesse.

From 2003 to 2008, the Parade of Cultures took place every year in summer, a demonstration train for peaceful coexistence between people of different cultures. The last parade in 2008 attracted around 1700 participants and 100,000 spectators. Also since 2003, the Down Sportswear Festival, an event in Frankfurt where several hundred people can compete with Down's Syndrome (Trisomie 21) in various competitive sports.

Other regular events include the Mainfest, Christopher Street Day (CSD), the Rosen and Lichterfest in the Palmengarten, the Opera Festival, the Rheingau wine market in Freßgass and the Stöffchefest on the Römerberg.

Also popular are the night of the museums in April with about 40,000 visitors and the night of the clubs.

The festivities include the Höchster Castle Festival, the Berger Strasse Festival in Bornheim, the Swiss Road Festival in Sachsenhausen, the Lent Night train in Heddernheim (Klaa Paris), and the annual Late Nights train launched by Mayor Walter Kolb in 1951 Lohrbergfest, Frankfurt's lighthearted mountain sports festival for children and teenagers.

The so-called Skyscraper Festival takes place at irregular intervals, most recently in May 2013 after a six-year break. At the same time, 18 towers in the city center were open to the public and attracted 1.2 million visitors.

The Sound of Frankfurt Music Festival, which was organized every year from 1994 to 2004, attracted up to 500,000 mostly younger visitors.

Wood Day in Frankfurt City Forest

skyscraper festival (2013)

Christmas market at the Römerberg (2011)

Dippemess at the Council

Skurriles

Eastern districts of Frankfurt and Offenbach

Like many neighboring cities, there is always a good-neighborly rivalry between Frankfurt and Offenbach on the Main, which is reflected among other things in numerous jokes about the inhabitants of the other city. War the Crane, Offebach is a traditional Westernization of Frankfurt for the Offenbacher, based on an anecdote from the 19th century. in the 19th century.

The background here is that the two cities of Frankfurt and Offenbach cannot be historically more different. Since the Middle Ages there have been territorial conflicts between the Reichsstadt Frankfurt and its neighboring states. After the Reformation, the Lutheran Frankfurt and the reformed Offenbach lay in sectarian disputes. Since 18. In the 19th century, the Counts of Isenburg also encouraged the establishment of manufactures that were not welcome in the bourgeois city of Frankfurt. Also in In the 19th century Frankfurt continued to be a commercial city, while the industry settled in the surrounding municipalities of Fechenheim, Griesheim, Hoechst and Offenbach. It was only after the annexation by Prussia that Frankfurt began industrializing and soon surpassed its rivals. 20th In the 19th century, Frankfurt grew mainly through the conurbations of Prussian suburbs, while Offenbach had no possibilities for expansion. Until 1945, the border between the two neighboring cities was always also a national border.

The two football clubs Kickers Offenbach and Eintracht Frankfurt and their respective supporters maintain a long-standing sporting rivalry. Over the years, both teams have often been confronted in the so-called Mainderby, especially in the 1950s (for example in the final for the German soccer championship in 1959), in the DFB cup (last 2009) and in the Bundesliga soccer until the kickers in 198 4.

culinary specialties

Frankfurt sausage

The Lohrberger Hang is the only vineyard in Frankfurt

In Frankfurt, as a result of the numerous wealthy guests who flooded into the city during the monuments and fairs, they developed already in the 17th and 18th centuries. This is a highly developed gastronomy and hotel culture. 19. In the 19th century, Frankfurt's kitchen was considered to be the leading kitchen in Germany, alongside the hamburgers and the Viennese.

In the past, despite the lack of a restaurant in Frankfurt, there was a sufficient supply of vegetables, fresh herbs and fruit. This was ensured by the gardeners of the surrounding kitchen villages of Sachsenhausen, Oberrad, Niederrad and Seckbach. The vegetable and herb market in Frankfurt's Old Town was the hub for the trade, where the so-called "hockinnen", as the market women were called in Frankfurt's mouthspecies, offered fresh vegetables, herbs and fruits.

One of the oldest and most famous delicacies is the Frankfurt sausages made from pork since the Middle Ages. The Frankfurt butchers were allowed to slaughter only one kind of cattle each week until the introduction of the freedom of trade in 1864. A 1628 regulation stated that: "He was slaughtered a long day, it was the cattle, the hammel or the pig that he stayed at y all week and did not slaughter sheep at the hammel. But he has the power to slaughter each other's livestock every week." So, as there were no refrigeration techniques, meat products from different types of meat could not be produced. In the 19th and 20th centuries other local sausage specialties were created, such as the Frankfurt beef sausage, the Frankfurt yellow sausage and the Zeppelin sausage.

A special specialty is the Frankfurt Green sauce (Frankfurt Grie Soß), also short Green sauce or Grie Soß, traditionally made from seven herbs: boretsch, kerbel, cress, parsley, pimpinelle, acid dropper and incision. The basis of the cold sauce, which is eaten together with hard-boiled eggs and salt potatoes, or as a supplement to various meat and fish dishes, is the fresh herb composition "Frankfurter Grüne Soße / Frankfurter Grie Soß". The collection of herbs produced in the city of Frankfurt and the adjacent municipalities has been registered as a protected geographical indication (PGI) since 2016. The green sauce is now part of the local folklore. In 2007, it was erected a monument and since 2008, a Green Soße Festival has been held every year

Known candy from the Frankfurt kitchen are the Frankfurt Brenten and the Bethmale, the Haddekuche and the Frankfurt Kranz.

With the decline of the vineyard in the 19th century. In the 19th century, the so-called "Ebbelwoi" (Ebbelwoi) was popular in Frankfurt, which has been documented here since about 1600. Today, he is considered a traditional Frankfurt drink, partly due to the success of the television show Zum Blauen Bock. The apple wine is particularly popular with a variety of tasty dishes, such as the rugs with herbs and hand cheese with music.

Today in Frankfurt with the 1.3 hectare Lohrberger Hang there is only one vineyard. It is one of the smallest vineyards in the Rheingau and is managed by the vineyard of the city of Frankfurt am Main. This location produces about 10,000 bottles of Riesling per year, which is mostly dry-grown and reaches late-harvest quality in good years.

The list of figures from the city of Frankfurt am Main includes known sons and daughters as well as other persons associated with the city. People nominated by the city to honorary citizens can be found in the list of honorary citizens of Frankfurt am Main.

Maria Sibylla Merian

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Heinrich Hoffmann

Arthur Schopenhauer

Otto Hahn

EC Treaty Frankfurt am Main of the German Navy

Airbus A380 Frankfurt am Main of Lufthansa

A group provider of the German Navy is named Frankfurt am Main. Previously, the small cross SMS Frankfurt of the Imperial Navy during the First World War and the wooden steam corvette Frankfurt were named after the city of the German Federation fleet. In the merchant fleet there were, among other things, the speedsteer steamer Frankfurt of North German Lloyd from 1900 to 1918, and from 1954 the "Frankfurt" of Hapag, and from 1981 to 2007 the Frankfurt Express of Hapag-Lloyd, from 1981 to 1984 was the largest container ship in the world. In 2010, a container ship named Frankfurt Express was put into service again.

In 1960 the city of Frankfurt took over one of the first names for a German Lufthansa aircraft. From 1960 to 1975, the Boeing 707 D-ABOD was named, a DC-10 from 1975 to 1985 and a B747-200 from 1985 to 1990. In 1991 Lufthansa named the B747-430 with the D-ABVF mark on the name of the city, which until May 2010 it was carrying. 19. On 23 May 2010, Lufthansa’s first Airbus A380 D-AIMA was named Frankfurt am Main.

The Asteroid in the Asteroid Belt was discovered in 2007 and bears the name (204852) Frankfurt.

In 1969, the city of Frankfurt/Main received the Winckelmann Medal from the German Archeological Institute (DAI).

In 2015, the city of Frankfurt am Main ranks first in the Sustainable Cities Index, which was determined by the International Planning and Consulting Company Arcadis and the Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) in London.

200-D-mark banknote with historic buildings in Frankfurt

On the last series of D-Mark banknotes, a collage of various historical monuments from Frankfurt was found on the 200-D-Mark banknote, to the left of the portrait of physician Paul Ehrlich. There you can see the Paulskirche church, the Imperial Cathedral, the Saalhof with pension tower, the main railway station, the Eschenheimer Tower, the home of Paul Ehrlich in the Westendstraße, the main guard, the Römer and the Römerberg East Line, the Goethe-Haus and the Eiserne Steg.

Frankfurt’s female personification is the Francofurtia, which is often found as an allegorical representation of facades and monuments or on historical coins and documents. Items suitable for collection that refer to Frankfurt are known as Francofursies.

The font Futura is not only used in the appearance of the city and is used in municipal offices, but is used as a "Frankfurt font" by numerous local associations and organizations, including the Ernst May Society.

• Art student Ursula, Advertising Film for the City of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 1956/57, 19:41 min., Editor: Boehner-Film Fritz Boehner KG (Hamburg + Erlangen), Contracting entity: City of Frankfurt am Main, supported by the Transport and Science Office, art student Ursula at the German Digital Library
• That was the old Hesse - Frankfurt. Documentary, Germany, 2013, 43:40 min., book and director: Jörg Adrian Huber, production: Hessischer Rundfunk series: This was the old Hesse, first edition: 9. April 2013 at HR3, contents of ARD.
• FRANKFURTinsights - The 1000 wonders of Frankfurt, documentary series, Germany, 2014, 5 times 5 minutes, conception and direction: Thomas Pohl, Production: Department Studios Film Production, contracting entity: Press & Information Office of the City of Frankfurt am Main, first edition: 1. 26 April 2014, p. a. with Lord Mayor Peter Feldmann, Frankfurt Fire Service, Liebieghaus, Uniturm Sprencing, rescue helicopter Christoph 2, link to the films